Shari’ah Bank Profit Sharing Ratio and Customer Perception of Inequality: Perspectives of Fiqh Muamalah and Risk Management Perspektif Fiqh Muamalah dan Manajemen Risiko

Abstract

Debates about profit sharing ratios in Islamic banking often give rise to perceptions of inequality among customers, especially when the proportion of ratios received by banks is greater than that of customers. This perception is often understood as a form of injustice, without considering the normative framework of fiqh muamalah and the rationality of risk management in Islamic banking institutions. This article aims to analyze the concept of the profit sharing ratio of Islamic banks from the perspective of fiqh muamalah, explain the rationality of its determination based on the responsibility and risk of bank institutions, and critically examine the perception of customer inequality that develops in public discourse. This study uses a literature research method with a normative-analytical approach. Data were obtained from the fiqh muamalah book, fatwa of the National Sharī’ah Council, Islamic banking regulations, and academic literature relevant to risk management and economic justice. The analysis is carried out through a systematic examination of the concepts, principles, and normative arguments related to the mudhārabah contract. The results show that the difference in profit sharing ratio has a strong basis for legitimacy in fiqh muamalah, as long as it is determined on the basis of tarāḍī and reflects the proportion of responsibilities and risks borne by the parties. A larger ratio to banks can be understood as a consequence of the fund management function, the protection of third-party funds, and the institutional obligations of Islamic banks. Thus, customer perception of inequality is more appropriately understood as a problem of normative understanding and justice construction, not as an inherent injustice in the Islamic banking profit-sharing system.