Hemotoxicity of Hairy Fig (Ficus hispida L.f.) Fruits on Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v7i2.19241Keywords:
anemia, Ficus hispida, hairy fig, hematological profile, hemotoxicity, reproductive toxicity studyAbstract
Hairy fig (Ficus hispida) fruits (HFF) are widely consumed as food and traditional medicine in several West Asian countries, both the unripe fruit (UHFF) and ripe fruit (RHFF). However, they are not commonly utilized in Indonesia. Acute oral toxicity studies reported No Observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Further, a reproductive toxicity study found that UHFF boosted spermatogenesis and increased the quality and quantity of spermatozoa. Meanwhile, RHFF exhibited the opposite effects. To provide comprehensive information from the previous study, this research was conducted to evaluate the hemotoxicity of UHFF and RHFF about their impact on the male reproductive system. Nine Wistar rats were assigned into three groups: the first group received UHFF juice, the second group received RHFF juice, and the third group received distilled water as control. The volume of each treatment was 2 mL/individual/day for 77 days. On days 0, 28, and 77, blood samples were collected for routine hematological profile examination using a hematology analyzer (Sysmex®XP-100). Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's test (α=0.05) to discover significant differences between groups and times. Results showed that consuming hairy fig fruit, especially the UHFF, had an unfavorable effect on erythrocytes resulting in hypochromic microcytic anemia. Still, there was no adverse effect on leukocytes and platelets. Anemia may have occurred due to the presence of hemotoxic compounds that interfere with the synthesis and binding of hemoglobin or because the hairy fig fruit filtrates were oxidized, thereby increasing the level of oxidative stress within the body, of which is a drop in hemoglobin levels.
References
Ali, M. & Chaudhary, N. (2011). Ficus hispida Linn: A Review of Its Pharmacognostic and Ethnomedical Properties. Pharmacognosy Review, 5, 96-102. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79104
Aziz, S. H.A., Zakaria, Z. & Mohammad, Z. R. (2014). Authenticity of Ficus hispida as a Local Traditional Product in the Lembah Lenggong World Heritage Site. SHS Web of Conference, 12, 01098. DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20141201098.
Backer, C. A. & van den Brink, R. C. B. (1965). Flora of Java (Spermatophytes only). Volume 2, Angiospermae, Families 111-160. Groningen: N.V.P. Noordhoff.
Berg, C. C., Corner, E. J. H. & Noteboom, H. P. (2005). Moraceae (Ficus). Flora Malesiana, Series 1-Seed Plants, Volume 17, Part 2. Leiden: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
Budinsky Jr., R. A. (2000). Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induced. Toxicity of the Blood. In: Williams, P.L., James, R.C. & Roberts, S.M. (Editors). (2000). Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications. 2nd Edition. pp. 87-109. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/0471231800.ch4.
Cheng, J., Zhang, B., Zhu, W., Zhang, C., Qin, Y., Abe, M., Akihisa, T., Liu, W., Feng, F. & Zhang, J. (2020). Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Ficus hispida L.f.: A Review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 248, 112204. DOI: /10.1016/j.jep.2019.112204
Chmielewski, P. P., Strzelec, B. (2017). Elevated Leukocyte Count as A Harbinger of Systemic Inflammation, Disease Progression, and Poor Prognosis: A Review. Folia Morphol (Warsz), 77(2), 171-178. DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2017.0101.
Clayton, J. A. (2016). Studying Both Sexes: A Guiding Principle for Biomedicine. The FASEB Journal, 30(2):519-524. DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279554.
Delwatta, S. L., Gunatilake, M., Baumans, V., Seneviratne, M. D., Dissanayaka, M. L. B, Batagoda, S. S., Udagedara, A. H. & Walpola, P. B. (2018). Reference Values for Selected Hematological, Biochemical and Physiological Parameters of Sprague-Dawley Rats at the Animal House, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 1(4), 250-254. DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12041.
Doig, K. & Zhang, B. (2017). A Methodical Approach to Interpreting the Red Blood Cell Parameters of the Complete Blood Count. American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, 30(3), 173-185. DOI: 10.29074/ascls.30.3.173.
Etim, N. A.N., Williams, M. E., Akpabio, U. & Offiong, E.E.A. (2014). Haematological Parameters and Factors Affecting Their Values. Agricultural Science, 2(1), 37-47. DOI: 10.12735/as.v2i1p37.
Fitria, L. & Sarto, M. (2014). Profil Hematologi Tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Galur Wistar Jantan dan Betina Umur 4, 6, dan 8 Minggu. Biogenesis, 2(2), 94-100. DOI: 10.24252/bio.v2i2.473.
Fitria, L., Suranto, R. D. P. & Utami, I. D. (2015). Uji Potensi Buah Luwingan (Ficus hispida L.f.) Sebagai Penurun Kadar Kolesterol Darah dengan Hewan Model Tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Hiperlipidemia. Laporan Penelitian Dana BOPTN Tahun Anggaran 2015. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Fitria, L., Suranto, R. D. P. & Utami, I. D. (2019). Uji Toksisitas Oral Akut Single Dose Filtrat Buah Luwingan (Ficus hispida L.f.) pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Galur Wistar. Jurnal Mangifera Edu, 4(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.31943/mangiferaedu.v4i1.39.
Fitria, L., Suranto, R. D. P., Utami, I. D. & Puspitasari, S. A. (2020). Uji Toksisitas Oral Repeated Dose Filtrat Buah Luwingan (Ficus hispida L.f.) Menggunakan Model Tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Galur Wistar. Berita Biologi, 19(3A), 289-300. DOI: 10.14203/beritabiologi.v19i3A.3936.
Fitria, L., Na'ilah, L. N. & Handayani, L. (2021). Toksisitas Oral Subakut Filtrat Buah Luwingan (Ficus hispida L.f.) pada Tikus Riul [Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)] Wistar Jantan. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia, 17(1), 81-91. DOI: 10.47349/jbi/17012021/81.
Fitria, L., Handayani, L. & Na'ilah, L. N. (2022). Reproductive Toxicity Study of Hairy Fig (Ficus hispida L.f.) Fruits on Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 13(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.22146/bib.v1i1.4270.
Friday, O. A. (2019). Plant Toxins. American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research, 4(3), 173-175. DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2019.04.000793.
Giknis, M. L. A. & Clifford, C. B. (2008). Clinical Laboratory Parameters for Crl:WI(Han). Charles River Laboratories. Retrieved from https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/rm_rm_r_Wistar_Han_clin_lab_parameters_08.pdf.
IACUC UIOWA. (2020). Anesthesia (Guideline). Vertebrate Animal Research. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Lowa. Retrieved from https://animal.research.uiowa.edu/iacuc-guidelines-anesthesia.
Idu, M., Alugeh, M. O., Alugeh, M. O. & Gabriel, B. O. (2022). Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Study and Hematinic Property of Mojeaga Herbal Remedy Using Animal Model. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11:27. DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00207-1.
Jiang, Y., Duan, X., Qu, H. & Zheng, S. (2016). Browning: Enzymatic Browning. Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 508-514. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00090-8.
Kehati. (2009). Jenis-jenis Tanaman Lokal dan Endemik di Wilayah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Pembangunan Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati Provinsi DIY Tahun Anggaran 2009.
Keohane, E. M., Smith, L. J. & Walenga, J. M. (2016). Rodak's Hematology, Clinical Principles and Applications. 5th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier Inc.
Kunwar, R. M. & Bussmann, R. W. (2006). Ficus (Fig) Species in Nepal: A Review of Diversity and Indigenous Uses. Lyonia, 11(1), 85-97.
Kuriya, S. I., Ishida, Y., Ali-Osman, F., Mantel, C. & Murphy, Jr., M. J. (1985). In Vivo Effects of Urinary Extracts of Patients with Aplastic Anemia on Rat Platelet Production and Megakaryocyte Progenitors in Murine Spleen and Bone Marrow. In: Baum, S. J., Pluznik, D. H. & Rozenszajn, L.A. (Editors). 1985. Experimental Hematology Today, Selected Papers from the 14th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Experimental Hematology, July 14-18, 1985, Jerusalem, Israel. pp. 33-38.
Ladokun, O., Ojezele, M., & Arojojoye, O. (2015). Comparative Study on the Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Viscum album (Mistletoe) from Three Host Plants on Hematological Parameters in Albino Rats. African Health Sciences, 15(2), 606-612. DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i2.38.
Lee, S. H., Ng, A. B. C., Ong, K. H., O’Dempsey, T. & Tan, H. T. W. (2013). The Status and Distribution of Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae) in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 6:85-90.
Lee, B. (2020). Libo Plant Potential (Ficus variegata, Blume) as Source of Potential Pharmaceutical Materials. International Journal of Science and Society, 2(3), 123-134. DOI: 10.54783/ijsoc.v2i3.134.
Menni, C., Louca, P., Berry, S. E. (2021). High Intake of Vegetables is Linked to Lower White Blood Cell Profile and the Effect is Mediated by the Gut Microbiome. BMC Medicine, 19, 37. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01913-w.
Miller, L. R., Marks, C., Becker, J. B., Hurn, P. D., Chen, W. J., Woodruff, T., McCarthy, M. M., Sohrabji, F., Schiebinger, L., Wetherington C. L., Makris, S., Arnold, A. P., Einstein, G., Miller, V. M., Sandberg, K., Maier, S., Cornelison, T. L. & Clayton, J. A. (2017). Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Research. The FASEB Journal, 31(1), 29-34. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600781r.
Mon, A. M., Shi, Y., Yang, X., Hein, P. P., Oo, T. N., Whitney, C. W. & Yang, Y. (2020). The Uses of Fig (Ficus) by Five Ethnic Minority Communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16, 55. DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00406-z.
Moon, K. M., Kwon, E. B., Lee, B. & Kim, C. Y. (2020). Recent Trends in Controlling the Enzymatic Browning of Fruit and Vegetable Products. Molecules, 25(12), 2754. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122754.
Mudimba, T. N., Maitho, T., Mbaria, J. & Taderera, T. (2019). Hematotoxicity Assessment of Phytochemicals from Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Carpobrotus edulis. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 8(4), 173-176. DOI: 10.31254/phyto.2019.8405.
NRC. (2011). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th Ed. National Research Council. the National Academies Press. Washington, DC.
Pang, Z., Chen, J., Wang, T., Gao, C., Li, Z., Guo, L., Xu, J. & Cheng, Y. (2021). Linking Plant Secondary Metabolites and Plant Microbiomes: A Review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 621276. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.621276.
Patil, S., Shetty, S., Bhide, R. & Narayan, S. (2013). Evaluation of Platelet Augmentation Activity of Carica papaya Leaf Aqueous Extract in Rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(5), 57-60.
Penicaud, C., Achir, N., Dhuique-Mayer, C., Dornier, M. & Bohuon, P. (2011). Degradation of β-Carotene During Fruit and Vegetable Processing or Storage: Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetic Aspects: A Review. Fruits, 66(6), 417-440. DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2011058.
Poitout-Belissent, F. M. & McCartney, J. E. (2010). Interpretation of Hematology Data in Preclinical Toxicological Studies. In: Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. 6th Ed. Ames, IA: Blackwell Pub. Ltd., a John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Pub.
Pogorzelska, K., Kretowska, A., Krawczuk-Rybak, M. & Sawicka-Zukowska, M. (2020). Characteristics of Platelet Indices and Their Prognostic Significance in Selected Medical Condition – A Systematic Review. Advances in Medical Sciences, 65(2), 310-315. DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.05.002.
Poljsak, B., Kovac, V. & Milisav, I. (2021). Antioxidants, Food Processing and Health. Antioxidants (Basel), 10(3), 433. DOI: 10.3390%2Fantiox10030433.
Rosales, C. (2018). Neutrophil: A Cell with Many Roles in Inflammation or Several Cell Types? Frontiers in Physiology, 9:113. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00113.
Royer, D. J., George, J. N. & Terrell, D. R. (2010). Thrombocytopenia as An Adverse Effect of Complementary and Alternative Medicines, Herbal Remedies, Nutritional Supplements, Foods, and Beverages. European Journal of Haematology, 84, 421-429. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01415.x.
Rusmadi, N. N. N. N., Shahari, R., Amri, C. N. A. C., Tajudin, N.S. & Mispan, M.R. (2020). Nutritional Value of Selected Edible Ficus Fruit in Kuantan. Journal of Tropical Life Science, 10(1), 11-14.
Saidu, Y., Bilbis, L. S., Lawal, M., Isezuo, S. A. & Umar, R. A. (2007). Hematotoxicity Study of the Leaf Extract of Albizia chevalieri Harms (Leguminosae). Biochemia Medica, 17(2), 139-270. DOI: 10.11613/BM.2007.020.
Salma, S., Shamsi, Y., Ansari, S. & Nikhat, S. (2020). Ficus carica L.: A Panacea of Nutritional Medicinal Benefits. Tang [Humanitas Medicine], 10(1), 1.1-1.6. DOI: 10.5667/tang.2020.0001.
Shahreen, S., Banik, J., Hafiz, A., Rahman, S., Zaman, A. T., Shoyeb, M. A., Chowdhury, M. H. & Rahmatullah, M. (2012). Antihyperglycemic Activities of Leaves of Three Edible Fruit Plants (Averrhoa carambola, Ficus hispida, and Syzygium samarangense) of Bangladesh. African Journal Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine, 9(2), 287-291. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v9i2.16.
Slik, J.W.F. (2009). Plants of Southeast Asia: Ficus hispida L., Suppl. Pl. (1782). Retrieved from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852981-1.
The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2005). Naturally Occurring Toxins in Vegetables and Fruits. Risk Assessment in Food Safety, Food Contaminants. Retrieved from: https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/programme_rafs_fc_02_05.html
The Institute for Functional Medicine. (2020). Toxic Exposures: the Cumulative Effect. Retrieved from: https://www.ifm.org/news-insights/toxic-exposures-cumulative-effect/
Tien, S.L. (1995). Validating the Platelet Count. Singapore Medical Journal, 36(3): 255-256.
Vinholt, P. J., Hvas, A. M. & Nybo, M. (2014). An Overview of Platelet Indices and Methods for Evaluating Platelet Function in Thrombocytopenic Patients. European Journal of Hematology, 92(5), 367-376. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12262.
Vu, Q. H., Van, H. T., Tran, V. T., Huynh, T. D. P., Nguyen, V. C. & Le, D. T. (2021). Development of A Robust Blood Smear Preparation Procedure for External Quality Assessment. Practical Laboratory Medicine, 27, e00253. DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00253.
World Health Organization. (2018). Natural toxins in food. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/natural-toxins-in-food .
Wink, M. (2006). Importance of Plant Secondary Metabolites for Protection Against Insects and Microbial Infections. Advances in Phytomedicine, 3, 251-268. DOI: 10.1016/S1572-557X(06)03011-X.
Zhang, J., Zhu, W.F., Xu, J., Kitdamrongtham, W., Manosroi, A., Manosroi, J., Tokuda, H., Abe, M., Akihisa, T. & Feng, F. (2018) Potential Cancer Chemopreventive and Anticancer Constituents from The Fruits of Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 214, 37-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright and Attribution:
Copyright of published in Jurnal Biodjati is held by the journal under Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-ND) copyright. The journal lets others distribute and copy the article, create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as an tranlation), include in collective works (such as an anrhology), text or data mine the article, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author's honor or reputation.
Permissions:
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere and by other authors are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate of one of the authors.
Ethical matters:
Experiments with animals or involving human patients must have had prior approval from the appropriate ethics committee. A statement to this effect should be provided within the text at the appropriate place. Experiments involving plants or microorganisms taken from countries other than the authors own must have had the correct authorization for this exportation.
