Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus L. Extracts


Bayyinatul Muchtaromah(1*), Alfiah Hayati(2), Erna Agustina(3)

(1) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. Jl. Gajayana 50, Malang, 65144, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Phone: +62341558933, +6281231842316 Fax: +62341558933, Indonesia
(2) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Phone (031): 5936501 , Fax : 031-5936502, Indonesia
(3) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. Jl. Gajayana 50, Malang, 65144, Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Phone: +62341558933, +6281231842316 Fax: +62341558933,  
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


 

 Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are among the most common species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which cause vaginitis, in infertile women. The Calamus rhizome (Acorus calamus L.) is an Indonesian plant that has antibacterial properties that can be used to treat vaginitis and increase fertility. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the calamus rhizoma in polar, semi-polar and non-polar solvents in the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial activity test was in the form of inhibitory test using the Kirby-Bauer, Minimum Inhibi-tion Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by microdilution method with multilevel dilution (concentra-tions 50; 25; 12.5; 6.25; 3.13; 1.56; 0.78; and 0.39%). The screening results showed that ethanol and n-hexane extract contained alkaloids and triterpenoids, while chloroform extract was only triterpenoid. Chloroform extract produced the largest inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and E. coli (7.26 and 3.28 mm), followed by ethanol extract (5.90 and 3.07 mm) and n-hexane extract (5.33 and 2.95 mm). The concentrations of 0.39 and 0.78% were the values of MIC and MBC for all three extracts, indicating that the extract of the calamus rhizome with several solvents in this study had the same antibacterial activity. 


Keywords


Acorus calamus, antibacterial activity, phytochemical screening

Full Text:

PDF

References


Akhtar, N., Haq, I. & Mirza, B. (2015) . Phy-tochemical Analysis and Comprehen-sive Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of 61 Medici-nal Plant Species. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, (11), 1223-1235.

Anisah, Siti, K. & Ari, H. Y. (2014). Aktivi-tas antibakteri ekstrak rimpang Jeringau (Acorus calamus L.) terhadap pertumbu-han Staphylococcus aureus dan Escher-ichia coli. Jurnal Protobiont, 3(3), 1.

Balakumbahan, P., Rajamani, K. & Kumanan, K. An overview of Acorus calamus. (2010). J Med. Plants Res, 4(25), 2740- 2745.

Bhandari, P. & Prabha V. (2015). Evaluation of Profertility Effect of Probiotic Lac-tobacillus plantarum 2621 in a Murine Model. Indian J Med Res, 142, 79-84.

Bonilla, M. P., Salido, S., Sánchez, A., Beek, T. A. & Altarejos, J. (2013). Effect of Extraction Conditions on the Antioxi-dant Activity of Olive Wood Extracts. International Journal of Food Science, 1-13.

Chandra, D. & Prasad, K. (2017). Phytochem-icals of Acorus calamus (Sweet flag). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 277-281.

Conway, T. & Cohen, P. S. (2015). Commen-sal and Pathogenic Escherichia coli Metabolism in the Gut. Microbiol Spec-tr, 3(3), 1-24.

Cushnie, T. P. M., Cushnie, B. & Lamb, A. J. (2014). Alkaloids: an Overview of Their Antibacterial, Antibiotic-Enhancing and Antivirulence Activities. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 44, 377–386.

Devi, A. & Ganjewala, D. (2009). Antimi-crobial Activity of Acorus calamus (L.) rhizome and leaf extract. Acta Biologi-calzegediensis, 53(1), 45-49.

Fatisa, Y. (2013). Daya Antibakteri Estrak Kulit dan Biji Buah Pulasan (Nepheli-um mutabile) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli secara In Vitro. Jurnal Peternakan, 10(1).

Hartati, S., Soemiati, A. & Eka, I. A. (2012). Isolasi β-asaron dari Rimpang Dringo (Acorus calamus Linn.) serta Uji Aktiv-itas Antimikroba. Jurnal Bahan Alam Indonesia, 8(2), 85.

Ibironke, A. A., Sarah, O. N. & Adewale, A. (2010). Anti-microbial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Five Se-lected Seeds from Nigeria. Int J Biomed Pharm Sci, 4, 104-106.

Imam, H., Riaz Z, Azhar M & Sofi G, Hussain A. 2013. Sweet flag. An overview. In-ternational Journal of Green Pharma-cy, 106(67, 65), 148.

Isibor, J. O., Samuel, S. O., Nwaham, C. I., Amanre I. N., Igbinovia, O. & Akh-ile, A. O. (2011). Prevalence of Bac-terial and Candida albicans Infection Amongst Women Attending Irrua Spe-cialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nige-ria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(20).

Jawetz, E., Melnick, J. L. & Adelberg, E. A. (2005). Mikrobiologi untuk Profesi Kesehatan (Review of Medical Microbi-ology) Diterjemahkam oleh H. Tomang (pp. 317-318). EGC: Jakarta.

Mamta, S. & Jyoti, S. (2012). Phytochemical Screening of Acorus calamus and Lan-tana camara. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(5), 324-326.

Manikandan, S., Devi, R. S., Srikumar, R., Thangaraj, R., Ayyappan, R., Jegadeesh R., et al. In -Vitro Antibacterial Activi-ty of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Acorus calamus. (2010). Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol, 1, 1072-1075.

Marliani, L. (2012). Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Telaah Senyawa Komponen Min-yak Atsiri Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.). Prosiding SNaPP: Sains, Teknologi dan Kesehatan, 3(1).

Muchtaromah, B., Kiptiyah, K. & Ad, T. K. (2011). Transaminase Enzyme and Liv-er Histological Profile of Mice Admin-istered Extract of Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Media Peternakan, 34, 88-92.

Muchtaromah, B., Ahmad, M., Sabdonin-grum, E. K., Afifah, Y.M. & Azzahra, V.L. (2017). Phytochemicals, Anti-oxidant and Antifungal Properties of Acorus calamus, Curcuma mangga and Allium sativum in The Veterinary Med-icine International Conference, KnE Life Sciences, 93–104.

Orji, N. M. (2015). Reproductive Tract Infec-tions Among Females In Ihiala Local Government Area, Anambra State, Ni-geria. International Journal of Scien-tific Engineering and Applied Science (USEAS), 1(3).

Pan, X., F. Chen, T. Wu, H. Tang & Z. Zhao. (2009). The Acid, Bile Tolerance and Antimicrobial Property of Lactobacil-lus acidophilus NIT. Journal Food Con-trol, 20, 598-602.

Pino, A., Bartolo, E., Caggia, C., Cianci, A. & Randazzo, C.L. (2019). Detection of Vaginal Lactobacilli as probiotic candi-dates. Scientific RepoRts (9)3355.

Rahman, D. T., Sutrisna, E.M., Candrasa-ri, Anika. (2012). Uji Efek Antibak-teri Ekstrak Etil Asetat dan Kloroform Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) ter

hadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylo-coccus aureus ATCC 6538 dan Escher-ichia coli ATCC 11229 Secara In Vitro. Biomedika, 4(2).

Shreelaxmi, Sharanagouda, H., Ramachandra, C. T., Roopa, R. S. & Hanchinal, S. G. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Su-percritical Fluid Extracted Acorus cal-amus Oil Against Different Microbes. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phyto-chemistry, 7(3), 2836-2840.

Srividya, G. & Adilaxmamma, K. (2014). Ameliorative Effect of Acorus calamus in Drug Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Int. J Sci. Tech, 3(5), 7-9.

Singh, R., Sharma, P. K. & Malviya, R. (2011). Pharmacological Properties and Ayurve-dic Value of Indian Buch Plant (Acorus calamus): A Short Review. Advanc-es in Biological Research, 5(3), 148.

Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G. & Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screen-ing and Extraction: A Review. Interna-tionale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 1(1), 98-106.

Vargas, R. A., Malacara, C. F. P. & Petrice-vich, V. L. (2016). Characterization of Chemical Compounds with Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities in Bougainvil-lea x buttiana Holttum and Standl, (var. Rose) Extracts. Antioxidants, 5(45).

Vineetha, N., Vignesh, R. A. & Sridhar, D. (2015). Preparation, Standardization of Antibiotic Discs and Study of Resist-ance Pattern for First-Line Antibiotics in Isolates from Clinical Samples. Inter-national Journal of Applied Research, 1(11), 624-631.

Winarsih, S., Rita, R. & Irisda, N. (2011). Hambatan Ekstrak Etanol Gel Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera) Terhadap Pertum-buhan Jamur Candida albicans Isolat Vagina 218: SV Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter FKUB.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v4i1.4235

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Jurnal Biodjati



Indexing By :

      

      

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 

View My Stats