Effect of Pectin Biodegradation with Aspergillus niger on Total Flavonoid Content of Citrus limon L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v4i2.4537Keywords:
Aspergillus niger, flavonoid, lemon, pectin, solid-state fermentationAbstract
Lemon peel and leaf  as well as lower grade of lemon contain a considerable amount of flavonoid which can be extracted to produce a valuable product. The presence of pectin in lemon hinders the extraction of flavonoid compound. This research was conducted to examine the effect of pectin biodegradation of lemon leaf, peel, and lower grade fruit using solid-state fermentation towards the yield of pectin, crude flavonoid, and total flavonoid content. Fermentation was carried out with the help of Aspergillus niger at 30℃ for 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of cultivation time. Pectin was extracted from the fermentation broth using citric acid. Crude flavonoid was extracted using maceration and stirred about 500 rpm at 50℃ for 40 minutes. Total flavonoid content was analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The optimum cultivation time of Aspergillus niger with leaf and peel was 9 days with a pectin yield from lemon leaf was 0.43% dry weight and the pectin yield from lemon peel was 0.04% dry weight. As for the lower grade fruit, a cultivation time for 7 days showed an optimal result with a pectin yield of 0.08% dry weight. The total flavonoid content in the leaf increased up to 94.3% (1.06 mg of the quercetin equivalents per g of substrate) whereas the total flavonoid content in the peel and lower grade fruit increased up to 42% (0.12 mg of the quercetin equivalents per g of substrate) and 48% (0.021 mg of the quercetin equivalents per g of substrate), respectively. These results highlighted the potential valorization of Citrus limon L. as an alternative source for producing flavonoid in food and pharmaceutical industry. Â
References
Ahmed, I., Zia, M. A., Hussain, M. A., Akram, A., Naveed, M. T., Norrouzi, A. (2016). Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification and characterization. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 9(2) : 148-154.
Adetuyi, F.O., Ibrahim, T.A. (2014). Effect of fermentation time on the phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C content and antioxidant activities of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds. Nigerian Food Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 32(2) : 128-137.
Bruslind, L. (2018). Microbial Growth. In: Microbiology. Oregon: Oregon State University.
Citrus Australia Ltd. (2016). Information to support discussions on Australian citrus exports to Indonesia. Retrieved from https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/not-yet-in-force/iacepa/Documents/citrus-australia-2016.pdf.
Curto, R. L., Tripodo, M.M., Leuzzi, U., Giuffre, D., Vaccarino, C. (1992). Flavonoids Recovery and SCP Production From Orange Peel. Bioresource Technology 42(2) : 83-87.
Doona, C. J., Kustin, K. & Feehery, F. E. (2010). Case Study in Novel Food Processing Technology. New Delhi: Wood Publishing.
Ehsan, K., Ehsan, O., Rudi, H., Jaafar, H.Z.E. (2010). Solid state fermentation effects on Pistachio Hulls antioxidant activities. KKU Research Journal 15 (5) : 260 – 26.
Favella-Torres, E., Cordova-Lopez, J., Gracia-Rivero, M., Gutierres-Rojas, M. (1998). Kinetic of Growth Aspergillus niger During Submerged, Agar Surface, and Solid-State Fermentation. Process Biochemistry 33(2) : 103-107.
González-Molina, E., DomÃnguez-Perles, R., Moreno, D., GarcÃa-Viguera, C. (2009). Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 51(2) : 327-345.
Hay, G. W., Westlake, D. W. S., Simpson, F. J. (1961). Degradation of Rutin by Aspergillus flavus I: Purification and Characterization of Rutinase. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 7(6) : 921-932.
Inaba, N., Ozaki, Y., and Miyake, M. (1993). Extraction and Recovery of Hesperidin from Peel Residue of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) Using Enzyme. Nippon Shoukuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 40(12) : 833-840.
Kanmani, P., Dhivya, E., Aravind, J., Kumaresan, K. (2014). Extraction and Analysis of Pectin from Citrus Peels: Augmenting the Yield from Citrus limon Using Statistical Experimental Design. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 5(3) : 303-312.
Kim, J. H., Kim, M. Y. (2011). Effect of Citrus Waste Substrate on The Production of Bioactive Component, and Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity of Grifola frondosa. Life Science Journal 8(3) : 564-571.
Kumar, S., Sharma, H., Sarkar, B. (2011). Effect of Substrate and Fermentation Conditions on Pectinase and Cellulase Production by Aspergillus niger NCIM 548 in Submerged (SmF) and Solid State Fermentation (SSF). Food Science Biotechnology 20: 1289-1298.
Loizzo, M. R., Tundis, R., Bonesi, M. Menichini, F., De Luca D., Colica, C., Menichini, F. (2012). Evaluation of Citrus aurantifolia Peel and Leaves Extracts for Their Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-cholinesterase Activities. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(15) : 2960-2967.
Machado, B. A. S., Silva, R.P., Barreto Gde. A., Costa, S.S., Silva D.F., Brandao, H.N., Rocha, J.L., Dellagostin, O.A., Henriques, J.A., Umsza-Guez, M.A., Padilha, F.F. (2016). Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts Obtained by Supercritical Extraction and Ethanolic Extraction of Brown, Green and Red Propolis Derived from Different Geographic Regions in Brazil. PLoS One 11(1) : 1-26.
Maturin, L., James, T. P. (2001) Aerobic Plate Count. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm063346.htm#conventional
Moghadam, J. F., Hamidoqhli, Y., Ghazvini, R.F., Fathollahi, S., Ghasemnezhad, M., Bakhshi, D. (2015). A Study on Flavonoid Compounds of Six Citrus Varieties during Maturity and Ripening Stages. TulÄ«d va FarÄvarÄ«-i MaḥṣūlÄt-i ZirÄÌ’Ä« va BÄghÄ« 4(13) : 25-35.
Morey, P. (2007). The citrus market in Indonesia – an Eastern Indonesian perspective. Canberra: ACIAR.
Mrudula, S. & Anitharaj, R., 2011. Pectinase Production in Solid State Fermentation by Aspergillus niger Using Orange Peel as Substrate. Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry 52 (6) : 64-71.
Mulyanto, 2017. Mulsa Sebagai Pengendali Gulma dan Hama Pada Tanaman Jeruk..
Retrieved from http://balitjestro.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ musa-sebagai-pengendali-gulma-dan-hama-pada-tanaman-jeruk/.
Muzakkar, K. & Winarsa, R., 2019. Activity of an α-L-Rhamnosidase produced by Aspergillus niger During Solid State Fermentation of Coffee Pulp Wastes. Jurnal Biodjati 4 (1) : 105-111.
Ory, R. L., St. Angelo, A. J. (1977). Enzymes in food and beverage processing. Washington: American Chemical Society.
Rangarajan, V., Rajasekharan, M., Ravichandran, R., Sriganesh, K. Vaitheeswaran, V. (2010). Pectinase Production from Orange Peel Extract and Dried Orange Peel Solid as Substrates Using Aspergillus niger. International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry 6(3) : 445-453.
Rohyami, Y. (2008). Penentuan kandungan flavonoid dari ekstrak metanol daging buah mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa Scheff Boerl). Jurnal Logika 5(1): 2-16.
Scott, S. (2011). Accuracy of Plate Counts. Microbiology Topic, 17(3) : 42-46.
Sutopo, 2011. Penanganan Panen dan Pasca Panen Jeruk. [Online]
Retrieved from https://kpricitrus.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/penanganan-panen-dan-paska-panen-jeruk/.
de Vries, R. P., Visser, J. (2001). Aspergillus Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65(4) : 497-522.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright and Attribution:
Copyright of published in Jurnal Biodjati is held by the journal under Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-ND) copyright. The journal lets others distribute and copy the article, create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as an tranlation), include in collective works (such as an anrhology), text or data mine the article, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author's honor or reputation.
Permissions:
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere and by other authors are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate of one of the authors.
Ethical matters:
Experiments with animals or involving human patients must have had prior approval from the appropriate ethics committee. A statement to this effect should be provided within the text at the appropriate place. Experiments involving plants or microorganisms taken from countries other than the authors own must have had the correct authorization for this exportation.