Feeding Rates of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Fed on Palm Kernel Meal and Bovine Blood
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v10i2.45828Keywords:
consumption, development, growth, insect, survivalAbstract
Slaughterhouses are economic activities that generate significant waste, including blood. Blood is a biological hazardous material due to its potency as a source of disease. Standard waste management methods for this material, involving physical and chemical treatment technologies, are considered expensive and impractical for small-scale entrepreneurs, leading to a neglect of waste management. Another possible waste management approach for blood is to use biological agents that utilize its nutrients. One candidate is the black soldier fly, known for its ability to consume various organic materials to produce high-value biomass. However, this process is highly dependent on the feed material's characteristics and the feeding rate. In this study, bovine blood was mixed with fermented palm kernel meal as the feeding material for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of feeding rates of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/larvae/day on the growth performance and survival of the larvae. The results showed that the time required for larvae to become pupae is 20-24 days. A 200 mg/larvae/day produced the best harvested weight and lowest FCR (feed conversion ratio). The highest growth rate was achieved at a dosage of 300 mg/larvae/day. At the same time, a 400 mg/larvae/day dose produced the highest length and WRI (Waste Reduction Index). On the other hand, the survival rate ranged from 77% to 91%, with 100 mg/larvae/day being the most effective. Mixing bovine blood with palm kernel meal at a feeding rate of more than 100 mg/larvae/day will allow the effective black soldier fly (H. illucens) larval composting process.
References
Amin, U.K., Lando, A.T., and Djamaludin, I. (2024). Potential of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in the Reduction of Various Types of Organic Waste. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology. 25 (9): 190–201. DOI: 10.12912/27197050/190639.
Amri, N.N., Ardiasani, S., Elvira, N., Putri, L.S.E., Sahari, B. (2022). Mortality, Development, and Nutrient Content of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) Maintained on Different Types of Household Organic Waste. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 31 Agustus 2022. Hlm. 1220.
Azizi, M.N., Loh, T.C., Foo, H. L., Chung, E.L.T. (2021). Is Palm Kernel Cake a Suitable Alternative Feed Ingredient for Poultry?. Animals. 11, 338. DOI: 10.3390/ani11020338.
Bajra, B.D., Lubis, M.E.S., Suprianto, E., Yudanto, B.G., Mulyono, M.E., Rizki, I.F., Kusumah, M.S., Panjaitan, F.R., (2024). Bioconversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Meal by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as an Alternative Protein and Fat Source. Bioresource Technology Reports. 29. 102067. DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102067.
Barrett, M., Chia, S.Y., Fischer, B., Tomberlin, J.K. (2022). Welfare Considerations for Farming Black Soldier Flies, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): A Model for the Insects as Food and Feed Industry. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 9 (2):1–30. DOI:10.3920/JIFF2022.0041
Bekker, N.S., Heidelbach, S., Vestergaard, S, Z., Nielsen, M, E., Riisgard-Jensen, M,. Zuener, E, J., Bahrndorff, S., Eriksen, N, T. (2021). Impact of Substrate Moisture Content on Growth and Metabolic Performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Waste Management, 73-79. DOI :10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.028.
Broeckx, L., Frooninckx, L., Slegers, L., Berrens, S., Noyens, I., Goossens, S., Verheyen, G., Wuyts, A.,Miert, S, V. (2021). Growth of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Reared on Organic Side-Streams. Sustainability. 13 , 12953. DOI:10.3390/su132312953.
Bruno, D., Bonacci, T., Teguzzoni, M, Casartelli, M., Grilmaldi, Annalisa., Tettamanti, G., Brandmayr, P. (2020). An In-Depth Description of Head Morphology and Mouthparts in Larvae of the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens. Arthropod Structure & Development. 58:100969. DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100969.
Camperio, J., Suarez, J.A., Simoton, J., Paresky, E., Parodi, J., Benetti, D.D. (2025). Valorizing Organic Waste Through Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens): A Sustainable Solution for Aquafeeds with Key Nutrients and Natural Bioactive Polyphenols. Sustainability. 17. 1788. DOI:10.3390/su17051788.
Cattaneo, A., Balperio, S., Sardi, L., Martelli, G., Nannoni, E., Dabbou, N., Meneguz, M. (2025). Black Soldier Fly Larvae’s Optimal Feed Intake and Rearing Density: A Welfare Perspective (Part II). Insect. 16 (1): 1-21. DOI:10.3390/insects16010005.
Dada, O.T., Odufuwa, B.O., Badiora, A.I., Agbabiaka, H. I., Ogunseye, N.O., & Samuel, O.S. (2020). Environmental Hazard and Health Risks Associated with Slaughterhouses in Ibadan, Nigeria. Environmental Hazards. 20 (2): 146–162. DOI: 10.1080/17477891.2020.1747382.
Damanik, N.F., Putra, R.E. Kinasih, I,. Permana, A.D. (2023). Growth and Development Performance of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae on Fermented Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) Substrate. Hayati Journal of Bioscience. 31(2): 317-327. DOI: 10.4308/hjb.31.2.317-327.
Dani, E. Dibisono, M.Y. Murfiah, D. Lisdayani. (2023). Biokonversi Sabut Kelapa Muda enggunakan Larva Lalat Tentara Hitam (Hermetia illucens) Menjadi Pupuk Organik. Jurnal Agroteknosains. 7 (1) :142-151. DOI: 10.36764/ja.v7i1.949.
Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C., Tockner, K. (2009). Conversion of Organic Material by Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Establishing Optimal Feeding Rate. Waste Management and Research. 27 (6): 603-610. DOI:10.1177/0734242X09103838.
Dzepe, D., Paulin, N., Kuietche, H.M., Kuete, A.F., Tchuinkam, T., Djouaka, R. (2020). Role of Pupation Substrate on Post-Feeding Development of Black Soldier Fly Larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8 (2): 760-764.
Edgar, B. (2006). How Flies Get Their Size: Genetics Meets Physiology. Nat Rav Genet. 7. 907-916. DOI: 10.1038/nrg1989.
Gligorescu, A., Fischer, C.H., Larsen, P. F., Norgaard, J.V., Heckman, L.L. (2020). Production and Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) Larvae Reared on Food Waste and Utilized as Feed Ingredient. Sustainability. 12 (23): 9864. DOI:10.3390/su12239864.
Haryanto, T., & Setiyono, E. (2021). Variations Of Feed Amount And Different Temperatures On The Development Of BSF Larvae During Fourteen Days of Reared. Jurnal Biosains. 7 (1) : 18. DOI:10.24114/jbio.v7i1.21240.
Hosseindoust, A., Ha, S.H., Mun, J.Y., Kim, J. S. (2023). A Meta-Analysis to Evaluate the Effects of Substrate Sources on the Nutritional Performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Implications for Sustainable Poultry Feed. Poultry Science. 103. 1-15. DOI:10.1016/j.psj.2023.103299.
Isibika, A., Vinneras, B., Kibazohi, O., Zurbrugg, C., Lalander, C. (2019). Pre-treatment of Banana Peel to Improve Composting by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Waste Management. 100: 151–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.017.
Khairuddin, D,. Ghafar, S.N.A. Hassan, S.N.F. (2022). Food Waste Type and Moisture Content Influence on the Hermetia Illucens (L.), (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larval Development and Survival. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1022 (1): 012076. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012076.
Kim, C., Ryu, J., Joungeun, L., Kwanyoung, K., Ji-yeon, L., Kiyoung, P., Chung, H. (2021). Use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Food Waste Treatment and Energy Production in Asian Countries: A Review. Process. 9 (1): 161. DOI:10.3390/pr9010161.
Kinasih, I., Suryani, Y., Paujiah, E., Ulfa, R.A., Afiyati, S., Adawiyah, Y, R., Putra, R, E., (2020). Performance of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens, Larvae during Valorization of Organic Wastes with Changing Quality. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 593 (1) 012040. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/593/1/012040.
Lalander, S., Diener, S., Zurbrugg, C., Vinneras, B. (2019). Effect of Feedstock on Larval Development and Process Efficiency in Waste Treatment with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). Journal of Cleaner Production. 208: 211-219. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.017.
Lamin, S., Abrar, A., Arwinsyah, Kamal, M., Sipahutar, A. N. (2022). The Effect of Some Attractive Media on the Number of Marriage Partners, Egg Weight, and Lifetime on Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.). Biological Research Journal. 8 (2): 151–155. 8(2):151-155. DOI:10.24233/biov.8.2.2022.243.
Lu, L., Wan, Q., Xu, Y. Shen, H., Yang, M. (2021). Proteomic Study Reveals Major Pathways Regulating the Development of Black Soldier Fly Leihao. Journal of Proteomics. 20. 2216. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00736.
Mojikon, T. & Lardizabal, M.L.T. (2023). Efficiency of Reducing Cruciferous Vegetable Waste Using Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia Illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. 5th International Symposium on Insects 2023. 11th – 13th September 2023. Hlm. 38-41.
Monita, L., Hadi, S.H., Amin, A.A., Fahmi, M.R. (2017). Municipal Organic Waste Recycling Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. 7(3): 227–234. DOI: 10.19081/jpsl.2017.7.3.227.
Nichols, W & Smith, N. (2020). Waste Generation and Recycling Indices 2019. Overview and findings. England. Verisk Maplecroft.
Plantiangtam, N., Chundang, P., Kovitvadhi, A. (2021). Growth Performance, Waste Reduction Efficiency and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae and Prepupae Reared on Coconut Endosperm and Soybean Curd Residue with or without Supplementation. Insects. 12.682. DOI: 10.3390/ insects12080682
Ragasri, S. & P, C, Sabumon. (2023). A Critical Review on Slaughterhouse Waste Management and Framing Sustainable Practices in Managing Slaughterhouse Waste in India. Journal of Environmental Management. 327. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116823.
Raksasat, R., Kiatkittipong, K., Kiatkittipong, W., Wong, C.Y., Lam, M.K., Ho, Y.C., Oh, W.D., Suryawan, I.W.K., Lim, J.W. (2021). Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production. Processes. 21. 297. DOI: 10.3390/pr9020297.
Rasdi, F.L. M., Ishak, A. R., Hua, P.W., Shaifuddin, S.N.M., Dom. N.C., Kari, Z.A., Yatim, S.R.M. Edinur, H.A., Mokhtar, M.A.M., Rashid, R.I.M. (2023). Evaluating the Growth and Development of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia Illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Reared on Different Agricultural Waste Materials. Serangga. 28 (1): 55-68.
Rintu, J., Sathu, T., Sunil, B., Vasudevan, V.N., Deepak, M.D.K., Jishnu, P., Ann T.J., Yashodhan, S.P. (2021). Abattoir Sludge and Food Waste Combination as a Feed Source for Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Optimisation of Level of Larval Incorporation in the Substrate. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 53 (4): 617-624. DOI:10.51966/jvas.2022.53.4.617-624.
Riberio, N., Costa, R., Ameixa, O.M.C.C. (2022). The Influence of Non-Optimal Rearing Conditions and Substrate on the Performance of the Black Soldier Fly. Insect. 13 (7): 639. DOI: 10.3390/insects13070639.
Salsabila A., Nurhayati, T., Herawati, E. (2021) Tingkat Densitas Populasi Bobot dan Panjang Maggot (Hermetia illucens) dengan Pemberian Pakan Berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan. 6 (1): 11-20. DOI: 10.52434/janhus.v6i1.1500.
Schneider, L., Kisinga, B., Stöhr, N., Cord-Landwehr, S., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Moerschbacher, B. M., Eder, K., Jha, R., & Dusel, G. (2025). Dietary Protein Levels in Isoenergetic Diets Affect the Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Retention of Nitrogen and Amino Acids of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. Insects, 16(3), 240. DOI: 10.3390/insects16030240
Shuma, M., Khamis, F.M., Tanga, C.M., Fiaboe, K.K.M., Subramanian, S., Sunday, E., Huis, A.V., Borgemeister, C. (2019). Influence of Temperature on Selected Life History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Animals. 9. 79. DOI: 10.3390/ani9030079
Siddiqui, S.A., Ristow, B., Rahayu, T., Putra, N.S., Yuwono, N.W., Nisa, K., Mategeko, B., Smetana, S., Saki, M., Nawaz, A., Nagdalian, A. (2022). Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) and Their Affinity for Organic Waste Processing. Waste Management, 1-13. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.044.
Singh, A., Marathe, D., Kumari, K. (2022). Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (L.): Ideal Environmental Conditions and Rearing Strategies. Indian Journal of Entomology. 84. (3): 743-753. DOI:10.55446/IJE.2022.166..
Surendra, K.C., Tomberlin, J.K., Huis, A.V., Cammack, J.A., Heckmann, L.L., Khanal, S.K. (2020). Rethinking Organic Wastes Bioconversion: Evaluating the Potential of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). Waste Management. 117. 58–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.050.
Yakti, W., Muller, M., Klost, M., Mewis, I., Dannehl, D., Ulrichs, C. (2023). Physical Properties of Substrates as a Driver for Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Growth. Insects. 14, 266. DOI:10.3390/insects14030266.
Yuan, M.C., & Hasan, A.H. (2022). Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance and Waste Reduction Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Tropical Life Sciences Research. 33 (1): 179–199. DOI:10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Biodjati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright and Attribution:
Copyright of published in Jurnal Biodjati is held by the journal under Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-ND) copyright. The journal lets others distribute and copy the article, create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as an tranlation), include in collective works (such as an anrhology), text or data mine the article, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author's honor or reputation.
Permissions:
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere and by other authors are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate of one of the authors.
Ethical matters:
Experiments with animals or involving human patients must have had prior approval from the appropriate ethics committee. A statement to this effect should be provided within the text at the appropriate place. Experiments involving plants or microorganisms taken from countries other than the authors own must have had the correct authorization for this exportation.
