Mapping Hate Speech Relationships Indonesia's Religion and State in Social Media

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v6i2.20431

Keywords:

Hate Speech, Social Media, Religion, State Relations

Abstract

Social media has also become a public sphere for people to express all expressions, opinions, ideas, and feelings, including conveying hate speech. In Indonesia, there are many forms of hate speech, one of which leads to issues of racism and religious and state sentiment. This study will identify the problem of hate speech related to religion and the state on social media. This study is a descriptive qualitative study by taking data from Social Media Analysts using a query for hate speech words that have a relationship between religion and the state that are popular in Indonesia, namely the terms Kadrun and Cebong. The first result shows that around 52,290 thousand mentions containing hate speech using the word kadrun and 25,290 thousand statements using the word cebong as a form of negative response to issues that contribute to the background, the case of contradiction between religion and the state. The second religious issue has become a trending issue in the digital era and is most readily associated with political matters in spreading hate speech. Three Twitter media are one of the most frequently used social media platforms compared to other media in spreading hate speech by Indonesia's digital community. This research implies the development of perspectives from both labels to bring down the opposition's reputation during certain political events.

 

Author Biographies

Hasan Sazali, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara Medan

Ketua LP2M UIN Sumatera Utara Meda

Rustono Farady Marta, Universitas Satya Negara

Dr. Rustono Farady Marta, S.Sos., M.Med.Kom. (蔡益安-FRAD) is a visiting assistant professor at the Faculty of Psychology at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia and serve as Vice Rector of Student Affairs, Alumni, and Partnership at Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia. He did his PhD of Communication Science at Universitas Indonesia. His research interest is on identity studies and communication media sciences. Correspondence and collaboration opportunities can be submitted by email: rustono.farady@usni.ac.id and/or  rustono.farady@atmajaya.ac.id

Al Ryanne Gabonada Gatcho, Trinity University of Asia

ryanne.gatcho@gmail.com

References

Achmad Zainal Abidin, & Ida Rachma. (2018). Etnografi Virtual Sebagai Teknik Pengumpulan Data Dan Metode Penelitian. The Journal of Society & Media, 2(2), 130–145.

Alkiviadou, N. (2019a). Hate speech on social media networks: Towards a regulatory framework? Information and Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1494417

Alkiviadou, N. (2019b). Hate speech on social media networks: Towards a regulatory framework? Information and Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1494417

Anggraheni, P., Setyowati, N. T., & Harry, H. (2021). Social Media and Political Participation in Indonesia: Restrictions Access at Announcement Results of 2019 Presidential Election. ASPIRATION Journal, 2(1), 100–126. http://aspiration.id/index.php/asp/article/view/23

Briandana, R., Marta, R. F., & Azmawati, A. A. (2021). Reflection on the Identity of the Outermost Indonesian Community on Sebatik Island through Malaysian Television Broadcasts. Jurnal Komunikasi, 13(2), 215. https://doi.org/10.24912/jk.v13i2.10950

Carlson, C. R. (2020a). Hate speech as a structural phenomenon. First Amendment Studies, 54(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/21689725.2020.1837649

Carlson, C. R. (2020b). Hate speech as a structural phenomenon. First Amendment Studies, 54(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/21689725.2020.1837649

Denzil, C., Leandro, A. S., Mainack, M., Fabrício, B., & Krishna, P. G. (2015). The many shades of anonymity: Characterizing anonymous social media content. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2015, 71–80.

Fadillah, D., & Chang, J. (2021). The Song #2019GantiPresiden and Political Communication in Simulacra Analysis. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 6(2), 292. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v6i2.935

Fadli, Y. (2018). Islam, Perempuan dan Politik: Argumentasi Keterlibatan Perempuan dalam Politik di Indonesia Pasca Reformasi. Journal of Government and Civil Society. https://doi.org/10.31000/jgcs.v1i1.267

Fernando, J., Marta, R. F., & Hidayati, R. K. (2020). Reaktualisasi mahasiswa diaspora Indonesia dalam menjaga identitas budaya bangsa di Benua Australia. Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, 8(2), 194–206. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v8i2.25219

Fernando, J., Sasongko, Y. P. D., & Marta, R. F. (2020). Aktivasi Psikologi Kognitif Melampaui Kesepian dengan Perspektif Komunikasi dalam Film Joker. MEDIALOG: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 3(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.35326/medialog.v3i1.517

Genot, E. J. (2018). Strategies of inquiry: The ‘Sherlock Holmes sense of deduction’ revisited. In Synthese (Vol. 195, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1319-x

Gunawibawa, E. Y., & Oktiani, H. (2020). Politik & Bencana Banjir Jakarta 2020 : Analisis Peta Percakapan #JakartaBanjir. Expose: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 3(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.33021/exp.v3i1.989

Harry, H., Marta, R. F., & Bahruddin, M. (2022). Pemetaan Ideologi Performatif dan Represif dalam Video Dokumenter di Kanal Youtube: Sebuah Perspektif Multimodalitas Budaya Kota Lasem. ANDHARUPA: Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual & Multimedia, 8(01), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.33633/andharupa.v8i01.4727

Haryono, C. G. (2019). Genealogi Wacana Pada Pesan Agitatif Pidato Prabowo Subiyanto Tentang Nkri Bubar Tahun 2030. Bricolage : Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi, 5(01), 030. https://doi.org/10.30813/bricolage.v5i01.1740

Hersinta, H., & Sofia, A. (2020). Social Media, Youth And Environmental Low-Risk Activism : A Case Study of Savesharks Indonesia Campaign On Twitter. ASPIRATION Journal, 1(2), 113–134.

Kruse, L. M., Norris, D. R., & Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social media as a public sphere? Politics on social media. Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143

Magfirah, M., & Saputra, R. (2021). Transmisi Pesan dan Pemrosesan Informasi Individu Menyoal Diskriminasi di Indonesia dari Perspektif Van Kaam. Expose: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.33021/exp.v4i1.1442

Mardiyati, I. (2017). Fenomena Hate Speech di Sosial Media dalam Perspektif Psikologi Islam. At-Turats, 11(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.24260/at-turats.v11i1.867

Mondal M., Silva, L. A., Correa, D., & Benevenuto, F. (2018a). Characterizing usage of explicit hate expressions in social media. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 24(2), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614568.2018.1489001

Mondal, M., Silva, L. A., Correa, D., & Benevenuto, F. (2018b). Characterizing usage of explicit hate expressions in social media. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 24(2), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614568.2018.1489001

Parhan, M., Jenuri, J., & Islamy, M. R. F. (2021). Media Sosial dan Fenomena Hoax: Tinjauan Islam dalam Etika Bekomunikas. Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 5(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v5i1.12887

Piazza, J. A. (2020). Politician hate speech and domestic terrorism. International Interactions, 46(3), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1739033

Putri, L. D., Annisarizki, & Andika, D. (2020). The Journalists has Built Self Meaning : Spreading Hate Speech in Presidential Election 2019 in Banten. ASPIRATION Journal, 1(2), 182–207.

Rahim, R., Armay, E. F., Susilo, D., Marta, R. F., & Alanda, A. (2019). Cloud computing security issues and possibilities. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6 Special Issue), 927–931. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1175.0886S19

Ridho, A. (2019). Arah Politik Muhammadiyah dalam Pemilihan Presiden 2019: Sebuah Analisis Framing Media Online. Kalijaga Journal of Communication, 1(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.14421/kjc.11.01.2019

Rihhadatul’aisyi, N., Muthmainnah, S., Zahra, H. P., Putri, T. W., & Febrian, F. T. (2021). Efek Twitter di Masa Pandemi COVID-19 pada Sikap dan Perilaku. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 19(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31315/jik.v19i2.4178

Samiaji, A., Bahruddin, M., Harry, H., & Hidayat, E. (2022). Nation Branding Construction and Public Diplomacy from @america in Muslim Community of Indonesia. Medium Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(1), 276–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25299/medium.2021.vol9(2).8836

Social, W. A. (2022). Data Pengguna Internet di Dunia. We Are Social. https://www.receh.in/2022/02/jumlah-pengguna-internet-di-indonesia.html

Suryana, C. (2021). Politik sebagai Dakwah: Komunikasi Politik Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS). Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 5(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v5i1.12646

Suryani, & Azmy, A. S. (2016). Politik Identitas dan Nasionalisme Kebangsaan (Studi Atas Penguatan Politik Identitas Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia Pasca Orde Baru). In Laporan Hasil Penelitian. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Syawbriyanti, F. (2021). Ideologi Bahasa dan Diskursus Identitas dalam Permainan Roleplay Bilingual di Twitter. Antropologi Indonesia, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v42i1.12417

Tinarbuko, S. (2019). Membaca Makna Iklan Politik Pilpres 2019. Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya. https://doi.org/10.31091/mudra.v34i2.707

Tjajadi, O. P., Marta, R. F., & Engliana, E. (2021). Women’s Resistance on Instagram Account @singlemomsindonesia. JHSS Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 5(2), 111–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v5i2.3710

Tricana, D. W. (2013). MEDIA MASSA DAN RUANG PUBLIK (Public sphere), SEBUAH RUANG YANG HILANG. Aristo, 1(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v1i1.1538

Wang, C., Kerry, L., & Marta, R. F. (2021). Film distribution by video streaming platforms across Southeast Asia during COVID-19. Media, Culture and Society, 43(8), 1542–1552. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211045350

We Are Social, H. (2021). Digital 2021 Indonesia. Hootsuite. https://andi.link/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Hootsuite-We-are-Social-Indonesian-Digital-Report-2021_compressed.pdf

Whitten, S. (2020a). A recognition-sensitive phenomenology of hate speech. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 23(7), 853–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2018.1511170

Whitten, S. (2020b). A recognition-sensitive phenomenology of hate speech. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 23(7), 853–873. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2018.1511170

Yusriyah, K., Fatoni, A., & Mansyur, M. A. (2020). Communication Networks Analysis on Information Dissemination of the Moving of Capital City From Jakarta to East Kalimantan. ASPIRATION Journal.

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2022-12-22

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2022): Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish articles in Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu komunikasi agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright of the article and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC-BY-SA or The Creative Commons Attribution–ShareAlike License.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).