Kritik Terhadap Pandangan Orientalis William Muir dalam Memahami Sirah Nabawiyah


Emil Nasrulloh(1*), Daud Rashid(2), Nunun Zainun(3)

(1) Pondok Pesantren Al-Muhajirin, Garut, Indonesia
(2) UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia
(3) UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study is a critical evaluation of William Muir's biography, Life of Mohammad – From Original Sources (1923). Muir (d. 1905) was an Oriental scholar and evangelical Christian from Scotland who was known in India as a British civil servant and experience dealing with Indian people, especially Muslims, prompted him to write a biography of Muhammad. He was one of the first modern scholars to categorize primary source material from classic biographies and transform them into modern biographies of Muhammad's life. In doing so, he combined post-Enlightenment methodology with his Christian sensibilities and aimed his work as an evangelical missionary at work on compiling his biography. Muir's biographical work contributed significantly to a genre of European literature which used exclusively authentic Muslim sources. This study will critically evaluate how Muir uses the Koran as the main source of his biography.


References


Ali, K. (2014). The lives of Muhammad. Harvard University Press.

Ali, S. A., & Moulvi, M. A. (1873). A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Mohammed.

Almond, P. C. (1989). Heretic and hero: Muhammad and the Victorians (Vol. 18). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.

Bennett, C. (1998). In search of Muhammad. A&C Black.

Bennett, C. (2014). Victorian images of Islam. In Victorian Images of Islam. Gorgias Press.

Bennett, M. J., & Bennett, M. J. (1993). Intercultural sensitivity. Principles of Training and Development. Portland, OR: Portland State University, 25(21), 185–206.

Buaben, J. M. (1995). The life of Muhammad (SAW) in British scholarship-a critique of three key modern biographies of the prophet Muhammad (SAW). The University of Birmingham.

Daly, J. D. (2011). O’Keefe, Martin D., 1935-2010. Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 80(1), 368.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. sage.

Donner, F. M. (1998). Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing (Vol. 14). Darwin Press Princeton.

Freeman, E. A. (1892). Historical essays. Macmillan and Company.

Guenther, A. M. (2000). The Hadith in Christian-Muslim discourse in British India, 1857-1888. McGill University.

Hallaq, W. B. (1992). uṣūl al-fiqh: Beyond Tradition. Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(2), 172–202.

Hallaq, W. B. (1995). Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam. Hampshire.

Haykal, M. H. (1976). The life of Muhammad. American Trust Publications.

Khan, S. A. (1870). A series of essays on the life of Mohammed, and subjects subsidiary thereto (Vol. 1). Trübner.

Margoliouth, D. (2006). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. Cosimo, Inc.

Mohar‘Alī, M. (2001). Sīrat al-Nabī and the Orientalists. Madina: Markaz Al-Sīrah.

Muir, W. (1861). The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia (Vol. 4). Smith, Elder & Company.

Muir, W. (1878). The Life of Moḥammad from Original Sources. Smith.

Muir, W. (1885). The Lord’s supper: an abiding witness to the death of Christ. Present Day Tracts on Subjects of Christian Evidence, Doctrine, and Morals, 36.

Muir, W. (1887). The Apology of Al Kindy: Written at the Court of Al Mâmûn (circa AH 215; AD 830), in Defence of Christianity Against Islam: with an Essay on Its Age and Authorship Read Before the Royal Asiatic Society. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

Muir, W. (1894). The life of Mahomet: from original sources. Smith, Elder.

Muir, W. (1896a). The Corân: Its Composition and Teaching, and the Testimony it Bears to the Holy Scriptures. Society for promoting Christian knowledge.

Muir, W. (1896b). The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, AD. Smith, Elder.

Muir, W. (1897a). The Honourable James Thomason, Lieutenant-Governor N.-WP, India, 1843-1853 AD. T. & T. Clark.

Muir, W. (1897b). The Mohammedan Controversy: Biographies of Mohammed, Sprenger Sprenger on Tradition, The Indian Liturgy, and The Psalter. T. & T. Clark.

Muir, W. (1902). Records of the Intelligence Department of the Government of the North-west Provinces of India During the Mutiny of 1857 (Vol. 2). T. & T. Clark.

Muir, W. (1924). “The” Caliphate, Its Rise, Decline, and Fall: From Original Sources. J. Grant.

Powell, A. A. (2010). Scottish Orientalists and India: The Muir Brothers, Religion, Education and Empire (Vol. 4). Boydell & Brewer.

Powell, A. A. (2013). Muslims and missionaries in pre-Mutiny India. Routledge.

Qasmi, A. U. (2011). Questioning the Authority of the Past: The Ahl al-Qur’an movements in the Punjab. Oxford University Press.

Romdoni, M. P. (2022). Bentuk dan Tujuan Tasybih dalam Al-Quran: Studi Aplikatif Analisis Balaghah dengan Objek Kajian Juz ‘Amma. Definisi: Jurnal Agama Dan Sosial-Humaniora, 1(1), 45–54.

Said, E. W. (1996). Orietalism diterjemahkan oleh Asep Hikmah dengan judul. Orientalisme.

Sell, E. (1913). The Life of Muḥammad. Christian Literature Society for India.

Siswanto. (2017). Normativitas Dan Historisitas Dalam Kajian Keislaman. Jurnal Ummul Qura, 10(2), 121–142.

Stewart, P. (2008). Unfolding Islam. Garnet Publishing Ltd.

Weil, G. (1895). An Introduction to the Quran III. The Biblical World, 5(5), 343–359.

Zeitlin, I. M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad. Polity.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/djash.v2i1.29404

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.