Aplikasi dan efektivitas pupuk hayati dalam upaya perbaikan mutu produksi, produktivitas dan pengendalian serangan layu fusarium pada bawang merah


Wakiah Nuryani(1*), Hanudin Hanudin(2), Kurniawan Budiarto(3)

(1) Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesia
(2) Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesia
(3) Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas sayuran unggulan nasional yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Untuk pencapai target produksi yang maksimal, umumnya petani menggunakan pupuk dan pestisida kimia sintetik yang tinggi. Penurunan daya dukung lahan pertanian akibat penggunaan bahan kimia agroinput berlebihan mendorong penggunaan pupuk hayati berbahan aktif mikroba pemicu pertumbuhan terutama untuk mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia sintetik pada bawang merah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi beberapa pupuk hayati yang dikombinasikan dengan pupuk kimia sintetik untuk meningkatkan kualitas pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah, serta menekan penyakit layu fusarium. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan berupa tiga jenis pupuk hayati, yaitu Agrofit, Bio Pf dan Biotrico dikombinasikan dengan dosis pupuk kimia sintetik yaitu sebesar 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% dari dosis rekomendasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kombinasi pupuk hayati Agrofit, Bio-Pf dan Biotrico dengan 50% dosis rekomendasi pupuk kimia sintetik dapat meningkatkan kualitas pertumbuhan dan bobot umbi kering sebesar 7.91 – 32.65% dari aplikasi pupuk kimia sintetik 100% dosis rekomendasi. Pada kombinasi Bio-Pf yang ditambah dengan 25% pupuk kimia sintetik dosis rekomendasi menunjukkan nilai efektifitas relatif agronomi dan nilai penekanan terhadap infeksi fusarium tertinggi. Kombinasi perlakuan ini juga memberikan total biomasa tidak berbeda pada dosis pupuk kimia sintetik 100%.

                                                         

ABSTRACT 

Shallot is one of important vegetables in Indonesia. Expecting high yield, farmers tend to apply high amount of chemical  fertilizer and shynthetic pesticide. The concern to the negative impacts of chemical agroinput in agriculture production has induced the application of biofertilizer containing beneficial microbes to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers in shallot production. The research was conducted to evaluate several formulated biofertilizers combined with synthetic fertilizers on growth, yield and productivity improvement, and fusarium wilt control on shallot. The research was conducted at Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia from March to August 2017. The combination of bio-fertilizer types, i.e. Agrofit, Bio-Pf and Biotrico and synthetic fertilizers in different dosages, i.e 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 % from recommended dosages were arranged in completely randomized block design with three replications. The results showed the application of bio-fertilizers might reduce 50% of synthetic fertilizer usage. The combined application of each bio-fertilizer with 50% recommended dosage of synthetic fertilizers improved growth quality and total dry bulb weight of 7.91 – 32.65% from 100% recommended dosage of synthetic fertilizer. The combination of Bio-Pf and Agrofit with 25% recommended synthetic fertilizer gave highest relative agronomic effectiveness value and fusarium wilt suppression. Total biomass weight of these treatments also had negligible differences with 100% synthetic fertilizers dosages.

 


Keywords


Allium ascalonicum L., bobot umbi, efektifitas, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Snyder and Hans.), pupuk hayati

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adesemoye, A. O., Torbert, H. A., & Kloepper, J. W. (2009). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria allow reduced application rates of chemical fertilizers. Microbial Ecology, 58(4), 921–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9531-y

Ahemad, M., & Kibret, M. (2014). Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 26(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.05.001

Ahmed, A., & Hasnain, S. (2014). Auxins as one of the factors of plant growth improvement by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 63(3), 261–266.

Badrudin, U., & Jazilah, S. (2013). Analisis residu pestisida pada tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) di Kabupaten Brebes. Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi, 24(1), 75–86.

Batool, S., & Altaf, M. A. (2017). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) reduces application rates of fertilizers in chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) cultivation. Journal of Horticulture, 4(4), 1000215. https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0354.1000215

Beneduzi, A., Ambrosini, A., & Passaglia, L. M. P. (2012). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Their potential as antagonists and biocontrol agents. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 35(4), 1044–1051.

Bunga, S. J., & Lewar, Y. (2009). Produksi bawang merah akibat aplikasi pupuk organik cair fermentasi rumen sapi. Partner, 16(2), 41–49.

Chaudhry, M. Z., Naz, A. U., Nawaz, A. A. (2016). Colonization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on two different root systems. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48(4), 1691-1696.

Colo, J., Jafari, T. I., Duric, S., Stamenov, D., & Hamidovic, S. (2014). Plant growth promotion rhizobacteria in onion production. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 63(1), 83–88.

Compant, S., Clément, C., & Sessitsch, A. (2010). Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(5), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024

Damam, M., Kaloori, K., Gaddam, B., & Kausar, R. (2016). Plant growth promoting substances (phytohormones) produced by rhizobacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of medicinal plants. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research, 37(1), 130–136.

Damayanti, R. S., Hanani, Y. D., & Yunita, N. A. D. (2016). Hubungan penggunaan dan penanganan pestisida pada petani bawang merah terhdap residu pestisida dalam tanah di lahan pertanian Desa Wanasari Kecamatan Wanasari Kabupaten Brebes. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 4(3), 879–887.

Das, A. J., Kumar, M., & Kumar, R. (2013). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): An alternative of chemical fertilizer for sustainable, environment friendly agriculture. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 1(4), 21–23.

Das, I., & Singh, A. P. (2014). Effect of PGPR and organic manures on soil properties of organically cultivated mungbean. The Bioscan, 9(1), 27–29.

Deden & Umiyati, U. (2017). Pengaruh inokulasi Trichoderma sp. dan varietas bawang merah terhadap penyakit moler dan hasil tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). Jurnal Kultivasi. 16(2), 340-348.

Dinesh, R., Anandaraj, M., Kumar, A., Srinivasan, V., Bini, Y. K., Subila, K. P., Hamza, S. (2013). Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and NPK fertilizers on biochemical and microbial properties of soils under ginger (Zingiber officinale) cultivation. Agricultural Research, 2(4), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-013-0080-8

Fernandes, F., Abadi, A. L., & Aini, L. Q. (2018). Utilization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in disease control important in plants onion (Allium ascalonicum L.). International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 6(1), 126–136.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1162718

Glick, B. R. (2012). Plant growth-promoting bacteria: Mechanisms and applications. Scientifica, (963401), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.6064/2012/963401

Gopinathan, R., & Prakash, M. (2014). Isolation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from vermicompost and effect on growth of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 3(7), 1072–1081.

Gouda, S., Kerry, R. G., Das, G., Paramithiotis, S., Shin, H. S., & Patra, J. K. (2018). Revitalization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable development in agriculture. Microbiological Research, 206, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2017.08.016

Gunes, A., Karagoz, K., Turan, M., Kotan, R., Yildirim, E., Cakmakci, R., & Sahin, F. (2015). Fertilizer efficiency of some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for plant growth. Research Journal of Soil Biology, 7(2), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjsb.2015.28.45

Gupta, G., Parihar, S. S., Ahirwar, N. K., Sheni, S. K., & Singh, V. (2015). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Current and future prospects for development of sustainable agriculture. Journal of Microbial and Biochemical Technology, 7(2), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000188

Hanudin, & Marwoto, B. (2003). Pengendalian layu bakteri dan akar gada pada tanaman tomat dan caisin menggunakan Pseudomomas flourescens. Jurnal Hortikultura, 13(1), 58-66.

Hanudin. (2007a). Kemangkusan Bacillus sp. dan Pseudomonas flourescens dalam formula cair untuk pengendalian Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi pada tanaman anyelir. Jurnal Hortikultura (Edisi khusus), (1), 61-71.

Hanudin. (2007b). Pengaruh pH dan formula cair biopestisida Pseudomonas flourescens terhadap kemangkusan serta viabilitas Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae pada anthurium. Jurnal Hortikultura (Edisi khusus), (1), 72-78.

Hanudin & Marwoto, B. (2012). Prospek penggunaan mikroba antagonis sebagai agens pengendali hayati penyakit utama pada tanaman hias dan sayuran. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 31(1), 8–13.

Harsanti, E. S., Martono, E., Sudibyakto, H. A., & Sugiharto, E. (2015). Residu insektisida klorpirifos dalam tanah dan produksi bawang merah Allium ascalonicum L., di sentra produksi bawang merah di Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta. Ecolab, 9(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.20886/jklh.2015.9.1.26-35.

Hidayati. N, Rosawanti, P., & Karyani, N. 2019. Perlakuan Trichoderma koningii dan Biourine terhadap pengendalian penyakit moler (Fusarium oxysporum), pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) di tanah mineral. AGRIKAN. Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan, 12(1), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.29239/j.agrikan.12.1.83-92.

Indrianingsih, W. A., Nisa, K., Wahono, S. K., Taufika, V., Rosyida, Damayanti, E., & Maryana, R. (2007). Analisis residu pestisida dalam tanah dan umbi bawang merah di lahan pasir Sanden, Bantul, Yogyakarta dengan kromatografi gas. In Seminar Nasional Rekayasa Kimia Dan Proses 2007 ISSN: 1411-4216 (pp. 181–185).

Istina, I. N. (2016). Peningkatan produksi bawang merah melalui teknik pemupukan NPK. Jurnal Agro, 3(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.15575/810

Kaeni, E., Toekidjo, Subandiyah, S. (2014). Efektivitas suhu dan lama perendaman bibit empat kultivar bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) pada pertumbuhan dan daya tanggapnya terhadap penyakit moler. Vegetalika, 3(1), 53-65.

Kenneth, O. C., Nwadibe, E. C., Kalu, A. U., & Unah, U. V. (2018). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): A novel agent for sustainable food production. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 15(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2018.

Khosravi, A., Zarei, M., & Ronaghi, A. (2018). Effect of PGPR, phosphate sources and vermicompost on growth and nutrients uptake by lettuce in a calcareous soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1381727

Le Mire, G., Nguyen, M. L., Fassotte, B., du Jardin, P., Verheggen, F., Delaplace, P., & Jijakli, M. H. (2016). Implementing plant biostimulants and biocontrol strategies in the agroecological management of cultivated ecosystems : A review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement, 20(S1), 299–313.

Meena, Narwal, K., Tara, N., & Saharan, B. S. (2018). Review on PGPR : An alternative for chemical fertilizers to promote growth in Aloe vera plants. International Journal of Current Microbiology Applied Science, 7(3), 3546–3551.

Miskiyah, & Munarso, S. J. (2009). Kontaminasi residu pestisida pada cabai merah, selada, dan bawang merah (Studi kasus di Bandungan dan Brebes Jawa Tengah serta Cianjur Jawa Barat). Jurnal Hortikultura, 19(1), 101–111.

Nadeem, S. M., Naveed, M., Ayyub, M., Khan, M. Y., Ahmad, M., & Zahir, Z. A. (2016). Potential, limitations and future prospects of Pseudomonas spp. for sustainable agriculture and environment : A Review. Soil Environment, 35(2), 106–145.

Nugroho, A. W., Hadiwiyono, Sudadi. 2015. Potensi jamur perakaran sebagai agens pengendali hayati penyakit moler (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae) pada bawang merah. Agrosains, 17 (1), 4-8.

Ortega, R., Miralles, I., Domene, M. A., & Soriano, M. (2017). Functions and applications of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) in highly technified crops. Agricultural Research and Technology, 12(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.12.555837.

Prakoso, E. B., Wiyatingsih, S., & Nirwanto, H. (2016). Uji ketahanan berbagai kultivar bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum) terhadap infeksi penyakit moler (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae). Plumula, 5(1), 10-20.

Poshtdar, A., Siadat, S. A., Mashhadi, A. A., Moosavi, S. A., & Hamdi, H. (2012). Comparison between application of PGPR bacteria and chemical fertilizers on quality and total silage yield of maize under different organic seed bed. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4(11), 713–717.

Reed, S. C., Cleveland, C. C., & Townsend, A. R. (2011). Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 42(1), 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034.

Roquigny, R., Novinscak, A., Arseneault, T., Joly, D. L. & Filion, M. (2018). Transcriptome alteration in Phytophthora infestans in response to phenazine-1- carboxylic acid production by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain LBUM223. BMC Genomics, 19, 474. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4852-1

Setiawan, A. F., & Hadianto, A. (2014). Fluktuasi harga komoditas pangan dan dampaknya terhadap inflasi di Propinsi Banten. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian, Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan, 2, 81–97.

Sumarni, N., Rosliani, R., Basuki, R. S., & Hilman, Y. (2013). Respons tanaman bawang merah terhadap pemupukan fosfat pada beberapa tingkat kesuburan lahan (status P-tanah). Jurnal Hortikultura, 22(2), 130–138. Retrieved from http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/jhort/article/view/739

Permentan Nomor 261/kpts/sr.310/M/4/ 2019, 1 April 2019 tentang persyaratan teknis minimal pupuk organik, pupuk hayati, dan pembenah tanah.

Vacheron, J., Desbrosses, G., Bouffaud, M. L., Touraine, B., Moënne-Loccoz, Y., Muller, D., … Prigent-Combaret, C. (2013). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and root system functioning. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4(356), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00356

Vejan, P., Abdullah, R., Khadiran, T., Ismail, S., & Nasrulhaq Boyce, A. (2016). Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in agricultural sustainability - A review. Molecules, 21(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050573.

Vivero, G. A. G. 2009. Resistance to Fusarium basal rot and response to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Allium. Thesis, Wageningen University, 160p.

Wang, X., Mavrodi, D. V., Ke, L., Mavrodi, O. V., Yang, M., Thomashow, L. S., … Zhang, J. (2015). Biocontrol and plant growth-promoting activity of rhizobacteria from chinese fields with contaminated soils. Microbial Biotechnology, 8(3), 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12158

Wastra, A. R. (2015). Perlindungan produk pertanian menghadapi pasar bebas ASEAN (MEA) 2015. Jurnal Agribisnis, 8(2), 111–124.

Yildirim, E., Karlidag, H., Turan, M., Dursun, A., & Goktepe, F. (2011). Growth, nutrient uptake, and yield promotion of broccoli by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with manure. HortScience, 46(6), 932–936.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/5871

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons Licence

Jurnal Agro (J. Agro: ISSN 2407-7933) by http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/ja/index is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.