Swearword in Steinbeck’s Novel “Of Mice and Men” and Its Indonesian Translated Version Toer’s

Of Mice and Men is a novel written by John Steinbeck, published in 1937. It tells about the story of George Milton and Lenny Small, two displaced migrant ranch workers, who move from place to lace in California in searching of a new job opportunities during the Great Depression in the United States. The novel is translated to Indonesian by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in “Tikus dan Manusia. So, it seems fun to analyse how the translator transfer meaning from source language to target language, especially in translating swearword which is found in the novel. The researcher used Hudges’s (1991) theory about swearword and Molina and Albir (2005), and Fawcet(1997) about translation techniques used by the translator. From the analysis, the researcher found 9 data of imbecile term for nuts, cuckoo, and ain’t bright, 23 data general terms for bastard and crazy, 39 data of death terms for the hell and goddamn, 6 data of mother in law terms for son of bitch, 1 data of racist for Nigger, 3 data of animal terms of rats, chicken, and cat, and 6 data of sexual irregulities for tart and bitch. It is also, 5 kinds of swearword translation techniques in the research, they are 9 data of literal translation, 1 data of particularization, 1 data of reduction, 3 data of transposition and 1 data of adaptation Keyword: Translation, Swearword, translation Techniques, Of Mice and Men


Introduction
Nowadays, translation is something important in international living. Transferring knowledge, cultures, and other social activities are done through translation. Translation is an access to develop knowledge, technology and art. Moreover, Indonesia as developing country, translation is the fastest, most effective and efficient way to transfer the knowledge. Indonesia still adopts knowledge and advance of technology through translated English book or study abroad, America, Australia or British.
The translation is a kind of transferring one language structure into other language structure such as word, phrase, clause, or sentence. On the other hand, it should be always remembering that translation is not only just transferring one language into other language but also getting the best equivalence in target language. The translator, the man who as the bridge of differences languages, should be very familiar with both languages structure and meaning in source language and target language.
Literature is one kind of work which is often translated such as novel, dramascript, short story, and poem. A novel contains epilogs, monologs and dialogues which make them as a story. There are many kinds of dialogues which express what the actor says, such as praise, command, ask, regret, and mock. Mock is called as swearwords, according to McArtur in Jay (2000:3) is "a non-technical term from a word or phrase that is obscene, abusive, and socially offensive. Swearwords are usually associated with the genitals and sexual activity (cunt, fuck, prick), excrement (crap, shit), or religion (Jesus Christ!). and may combine from each area (fucking shit, fucking hell)".
Every language has their own expression to show their expression. The translators also have to transfer SL swearword to TL swearword in different culture sense until the target language reader can feel as natural as the native SL speaker. The differences of culture will be as the obstacles of these transferring messages. There are many swearwords cannot be translated as literal translation techniques, but the translator should know the best equivalence to transfer the messages of source language swearwords into target languages swearwords. The translator should be able to transfer the sense and nuance in the source language to get language. That skill makes this job is not easy to do.
The translator cannot always use literal translation techniques to transfer source language swearwords, but the translators have to use other translation techniques to get the best equivalences. According to Fawcett (1997:34-41) "One widelyaccepted list of translation techniques is outlined briefly below." The translation method is divided into eight types, as follows: Borrowing, Calque, Literal Translation, Transposition, Modulation, Reformulation/Equivalence, Adaptation, and Compensation. On the other hand, Hatim and Munday (2004) explained that there are just three translation strategies: word translation, literal translation and free translation.
The researcher takes the data from a novel entitled "Of Mice and Men" by John Steinbeck and its translated version entitled "Tikus dan Manusia" translated by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This novel tells about a journey of two men in Soledad, near California. The first man, George, was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. The second man, Lennie, was a hug man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely. He is abnormal person, such down syndrome. They went to Weed to make their dreams, have a large field with big house and they can farm in their own field, but Lennie always made many troubles and George would solve them with his brilliant brain.
This novel contains many swearwords to be analyzed in terms of the translation techniques, for example: SL: "God, you're a lot of trouble" (OMM p.331) TL: Ya Tuhan, engkau ini cuma biang keladi sial belaka.(TM p.13) Using Fawcet's theories that the translator used translation techniques to get the meaning of the SL then transfer that meaning into TL in other form. If the translator used literal translation techniques it would be: TL:Ya Tuhan, kau ini sungguh penuh dengan masalah! In TL, Bahasa Indonesia, it can be understood what the sentence means, but it just be very simple way or there is no other stressing there. The TL readers cannot feel as same as the SL readers because of that bad equivalence. As what Fawcet said previously that there are some translation techniques to transfer the SL to TL in different culture especially in swearwords. So, the researcher will analyze the translation techniques swearword in English into Indonesian.
In doing this analysis, the researcher refers to some literatures from some previous analysis, they are: Isfaldiansyah (2012) in Swearwords in GTA'San Andreas Games. The researcher found that all categories expressed by the experts about the kinds of swear words in the game GTA San Andreas such as Excretory, human genital, death, animal, imbecilic, mother in law, general, sexual irregularities and racist. Wahyuni (2012) in The Strategies Used Translating Swearwords in "THE HANGOVER II". This research focuses on the strategies of swearwords translation applied in subtitling and the quality of swearword translation in "HANGOVER II". The findings reveal that the reveal that there were 220 swearwords found in the movie. This research employs a qualitative method in analyzing the data.
So, in this research takes a position to focus in analyzing swearwords based on Allan and Burridge (2006) in a novel "Of Mice and Men", its translation techniques to transfer the meaning from source language to target language.

Theoretical Sight
Swearword Allan and Burridge (2006:76) states that "The original meaning of the verb swear is to take an oath, make a solemn declaration, statement, affirmation, promise or undertaking; often in the eyes of God or in relation to some scared object so that the swearer is, by implication, put in grave danger if found to be lying." McArtur in Jay (2000:3) is "a non-technical term from a word or phrase that is obscene, abusive, and socially offensive. Swearwords are usually associated with the genitals and sexual activity (cunt, fuck, prick), excrement (crap, shit), or religion (Jesus Christ!) and may combine from each area (fucking shit, fucking hell)".
Swearwords have some kinds which all of them are viewed as dirty, indecent, and always related to the negative judgments. According to Allan and Burridge (2006: 79-88) explained four kinds of swearword, they are: 1. Animal term Comparisons of people with animals that are conventionally ascribed certain behaviors. The words are calling someone a bat, cat, fox, vixen, sow, pig, cow, bitch, cur, dog, mongrel, swine, louse, dove, hawk, coot, galah, rat, snake, chicken, turkey, mouse, rabbit, bull, ox, goat, ape, monkey, ass On the other hand, Hudges (1991) as quoted by Isfaldiansyah (2012) explains about seven types of swearword, such as 1. Excretory term The term of "excretory" comes from "excrete" which means to separate and eliminate the solid waste matter of bowels from our body through the anus. This words which are related to this term are shit, piss. Shit is a vernacular word of English that means "feces". The word shit is considered vulgar, and thus is usually avoided in teaching, in religion, political speeches and most news reporting. However, its use by ordinary people is widespread. Most commonly, it is used not to refer to faces, but rather in variety of metaphoric meaning.

Human Genital Term
The terms come from "genital" means the organ of human being. The words that belong to this term are cunt, ass, tits, rooster, and cock. Cunt is vulgar term that refers to human female genital. It is used for terms of abuse, particularly when it is used by men to describe women. The term of penis and vagina does not belong to the term because they belong to biological terms.

Death
This term refers to something that makes people afraid, such as go to hell, goddamn, damn on you.

Animal term
This term is related to animal(s), the behavior of animal(s), religion beliefs and practices from prehistoric times. In some religions, animals are closely associated with God. For instance, a bull which is called Ape is considered as the representative of God Osiris, the Ibis which sacred to God Thoth, but in other hand, dog, pig, and other kinds of animals are judged as negative impression.

Imbecilic Term
The term of "imbecilic" comes from "imbecile" it means imbecile is mental disorder or inability to do something normally, such as idiot, dumb, and moron.

Mother in Law Term
The terms use to describe a woman who has affair with many partners, for examples slut, son of bitch, motherfucker are common to insult in English, related to the widely condemned biological and cultural incest taboo. This term is popular in hip hop culture and also it is closely related to the doers of the sexual activities, which those people love to change their partners while they have sexual intercourse.

General term
Pure swearwords which have no special meaning and those terms use only to swear such as fuck, damn, punk, crazy and bastard.
In addition, Trudgill (1986) also explains the types of swearwords which are not found in Hudges's theory, such as 8. Sexual Irregularities term This term is related to sexual irregularities which explain a person who likes to change their partners while they had sexual intercourse. The words that are included in this term are bitch, chick.
The researcher will combine Hudges, Trudgil and Allan's theories in order to have more complete classification of swearword.

Translation Theory
There are several definitions about translation which is proposed by the experts, Richard (1985:299) states that," translation is the process of changing speech or writing from one language (source language) into other language (target language)." Moreover, according to Newmark (1988:7) "Translation is also a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message hand/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language." Catford states, "Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by the equivalence textual material in another language (TL)". Nida and Taber (1974:12) state that "Translating consist of reproducing in the receptor language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message, first in term of meaning and secondly in terms of style." It means that in reproducing the message there is a good relationship between SL and RL that should be equivalent. Larson (1984:10) states that "Translation consist of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context." Here, Larson says that translation has tree steps, studying the source language, analyzing it, and reconstructing the meaning. Hatim and Munday (2006:6) states that "Translation is a process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL), conducted by a translator, or translators in a specific socio-cultural context." In translation, the forms of source language (SL) have to be replaced by the forms of the target language (TL). Yet, the replacement is done by the way of semantic analysis. What translator aim to hold constant in translation is meaning rather than the form. In order to find the meaning expressed, a translator needs to analyze not only the forms of the lexicogrammar of the SL text, but also the aspects of meaning embodied in the forms. Consequently, the translator needs to reconstruct using appropriate lexicogrammatical structures in the TL text (Michali: 1998) Based on some definition above, the researcher concludes that translation is transferring the messages from the source language into target language, where that language is translated into the language of the target language should have the same meaning or existence of equivalence with source language. According to Newmark (1988:81)" while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language". Fawcett (1997:31-33) has explained about the eight translation techniques, they are; a. Borrowing This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example software in the technology, and funk in the culture. Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the example below being taking from usage rather that translated texts: The target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first man made satellites were Uni Soviet, so far a time they were known in English as 'sputniks. SL: Harddisk  This is the mechanical process were by parts of speech "play musical chair" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated grammatical structures are not often identical in different language. SL: promiscuous mode TL: mode tidak membeda-bedakan. 'Promiscuous mode' that is in source language turning into a clause in target language. e. Modulation Modulation consists of using s phrase that is different in the source and target language to convey the same idea. It changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language. Through modulation, the translator generates changes in the point of view of the messages without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader of the target text. Example: SL: I cut my finger TL: jariku tersayat It is not saya memotong jariku but the translation of 'I cut my finger' is jariku tersayat.

f. Reformulation/Equivalent
Here the translator has to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising, slogans. The process is creative but not always easy. g. Adaptation Adaptation occurs when something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least. Example: SL: As soon as Jack arrived in Lake Michigan, he called his wife TL: Segera setelah Poltak tiba di Danau Toba, dia berkirim surat kepada istrinya.
Adaptation usually is usually used to translate drama script or poem. The translator transfers the message in SL and transfers it into TL in TL culture. h. Compensation Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "… making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality in different ways.
On the other way, Molina and Albir (2002:509)  It is adding stylistic elements and information that does not exist in the source text. Example: SL: The Islamic republic will not back down from its right.

Practical Sight
In this section, the researcher discusses the swearwords available in the context discourse analysis, and the analysis of the data finding in the novel Of Mice and Men. According to Hudges (1991) And Trudgill, swearwords are divided into several kinds, imbecilic term, general term, death term, mother in law term, racist term, animal term, and sexual irregularity term, and in this novel there are some examples which are included into the range of kind of swearword categorized. The researcher takes the data from every conversation in the novel which contains the swearwords and classifies these examples based on the theory of Allan, Hudges and Trudgill, such as

Imbelicile Term
The term of imbecilic comes from imbecile. It means that the imbecile is mental disorder or inability to do, such as nuts cuckoo and ain't bright. The function of this term is to swearing based on the mentally of people. Nuts Based on Cambridge Dictionary the word 'nuts' means silly, stupid or stranger. It means that the function of this word is to insult someone in mental disorder to do something.
You are nuts! Basically this word has negative connotation, and the word is found in the conversation in the novel. This phrase means to insult someone and therefore the word is considered as swearword by the imbecilic or mental disorder. This phrase is uttered by Croocks to Lenny in the bunk. Lenny said to Croocks about his dreams with George to make a husbandry when they have a lot of money by working in that bunk, but Croocks told to Lenny that in fact George have befooled Lenny by working there. The dream will never become true and Croocks insult Lenny by saying 'You're nuts!' because of his stupidity.

Cuckoo
Based on Cambridge Dictionary, the word 'cuckoo' means a grey bird with a twonote call that sounds similar to its name, which puts its eggs in other birds' nests or silly. The meaning that is used in this phrase is silly. So, this phrase has a function to insult someone by insulting the hearer mental disorder to do something. It just seems kinda funny a cuckoo like him and a smart little guy like you travelin together The reason of categorizing this sentence into swearword because the sentence is intended to discredit someone. This sentence is uttered by Slim to George. slim feels amazed about George and Lenny who always do traveling together. Slim think that George is a smart guy but stupid too, because George is always followed by a stupid person, Lenny.

General Terms
Bastard Bastard means an extramarital child or one who was born without married parents. It is a complement word to express snubbing for someone who was hated. According to Hudges (1991), the early use of bastard was literal; alluding to the fact of illegitimacy, while the subsequence potency of the term as a swearword obviously derives from the stigma of the condition. Originally the word referred to a child of a nobleman born out of wedlock but acquiring some paternal status.

We could just as well road clear to the Ranch if that bastard bus drives knew what he was talkin' about
This word has negative connotations basically, and the word is found in conversation in the novel. This phrase means to insult someone, and therefore the word is considered as purely meaning swearing words. The purpose of this swearword is stated by Hudges (1991) that many people use swearword to insult the other. This sentence is stated by George. He stated this sentence when he got bad action from the bus driver who did not bring George and his friend, Lenny, to Soledad. He feels annoy to the bus driver and talk the sentences. It is suitable with the Hudges theory that the word, bastard, has a function to insult purely to someone.
Where the hell could you go?
This sentence is included in hell category and the word hell in this sentence has a function as an expression of degradation. The purpose of this sentence is to discredit someone.

Mother in Law Terms
The term is used to describe a woman who has affair with many partners, for example Slut and Son of bitch. It means precisely as it sounds one who has sex mothers, but it originally means as "one who has sex with their own mother". It is the most of the time used without meaning, just to be said in a sentence. It can mean absolutely nothing and absolutely everything it's mean to at the same time.

Son of bitch
If it is translated by word by word translation it could be a son of a prostitute woman. Based on Cambridge Dictionary (2006) bitch is an unkind or unpleasant woman. This kinds of swearword are used to slut others as what Hudges (1991) stated that many people use swearword to insult the other and for closes calls to friends and they would not hurt if called like that. Because they know what the purpose of that call is.
He said, this guy Curley sounds like a son -of-a-bitch-to me.
Son of bitch is a powerful swearword. The word is often found in every conversation and the purposes are variety, but in this case the word has a function as an expression of annoyance. Hudges said that people tend to swear when he angry and disappoint. They also likely to swear when they would like to express antagonism, frustration, surprise and shocked.

Racist Term
Swearwords that leads to insult the origin of people or where they were born. This case is often happened in US because of different views about skin colors, based on that phenomenon emerged a racist term. A notion which distinguishes each community based on a person's skin or race.

Nigger
According to Folb (1980:248) in Allan (2006:84) Nigger is a form of address and identification among blacks (can connote affection, playful derision, genuine anger, or more identification of another black person; often used emphatically in conversation). It usually used among African Americans; nigger is often a badge of identity and solidarity (when it is often spelled nigga).
Jesus, how that nigger can pitch shoes.
Nigger has the original meaning that is someone from Nigeria. Nigeria is one of country in African continental and all the people there have black skin. In swearword, nigger is swearing which has function to insult or greet black people and this sentence is famous around American black people.

Animal Term
This term is related to animal(s), the behavior of animal(s), religious beliefs and practice from prehistoric times. According to Hudges, animal terms figure notably in the history of swearing, although they were not a major feature of Anglosaxon literature. The major exception was wolf, used to refer a cruel, rapacious, or evil person, often in the title "the Devil's wolf" Otherwise, the chosen animals themselves are not especially dangerous or repulsive, through some are poisonous, such as the snake, and others malodorous, such as the skunk and polecat. For some cultural reason the pig provides the richest verbal field together with the variants sow and swine (P 39). In some religions, animals are closely associated with God. For instance, a bull which is called Apis is considered as the representative of God Osiris, the Ibis which sacred too the God Troth, dog and other and also animal which is related to negative impression.
The dirty little rat.
The origin meaning of rat is kind of mammalian animal and has synonym with mouse or big mouse. In daily, rat is associated with the people who always in bad environment and bad action. It is just like rat habit which always make the environment dirty and rat also has a bad habit like steals a food or had bad other habit. In this case Slim states to Curley about Curley's bad action to Lenny. Hudges (1991) said that people tend to swear when they were angry and disappoint.

Sexual Irregularity Terms
Based on Cambridge Dictionary the original meaning of bitch is female dog, but after several years the meaning of bitch changes to be a woman who sold herself. It is also used as a complement word at teenager daily conversation. It can be used in every situation, particularly when they were joking. It is used to express an anger, insult or even used when there is something strange. Don't you even take a look at that bitch.
The reason of this sentence including swearword is the sentence is intended to discredit someone and therefore the word is considered as sexual term of swearword. The purpose of this word is to insult or discredit someone as Hudges's theory (1991) that many people use swearword to insult the other.

Translation Techniques
In this section, the researcher discusses the kind of translation techniques in the context discourse analysis, and the analysis of the data finding in the novel Of Mice and Man and its translation version Tikus dan Manusia. According to Molina and Albir (2002:509) transl Translation techniques are divided into 18 kinds. In this novel there are some examples which are included the range of kind of translation techniques categorized. The researcher takes the data from every conversation in the novel which contain the swearwords and its translation version, then classifies these examples based on the theory of such as

Literal Translation
Literal Translation is a technique to translate a word or an expression word for word. Literal translation is defined by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995:215) as "the direct transfer of a source language into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target text."

Haram Jadah
Based on English-Indonesian Dictionary (2006) the word 'bastard' source language is translated as 'haram jadah' in target language.
So it means that Bastard is translated using literal translation technique to "Haram Jadah" as Molina and Albir (2006) state that literal translation is "A word for word translation can be used in some language and not others dependent on the sentence structure."

Particularization
Particularization is to use a more precise or concrete term. Hell → Jahanam The word 'hell' in source language is translated 'jahanam'. The word hell basically has a meaning as 'neraka', but here the translator translated it as 'Jahanam' which is Jahanam is a part of 'neraka'.

Reduction
Reduction is to suppress an SL information item in the TL Ain't bright → tolol The phrase 'ain't bright' s translated reduction because the phrase 'ain't bright' is explained in a phrase but translated to 'tolol' in target language to suppress the meaning of the phrase.

Transposition
Transposition is to change a grammatical category in relation to the SL Damn → terkutuk) 'damn' that is an adverb in source language turning into a passive verb in target language.

Adaptation
Adaptation is to replace SL cultural element with one from the target culture, Jesus Christ → Ya Rasul The phrase Jesus Christ in source text is translated as Ya Rasul in target text. The reason why 'Jesus Christ' is translated as'Ya Rasul' is most of target text people know that Jesus Christ is a prophet, different with the source text people which know that Jesus Christ is a God. That different of culture and believable makes this phrase is translated by adaptation techniques.

Reformulation
The translator has to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms, advertising, or slogans. The process is creative but not always easy. Cat house → kandang sundal 'Cat house' in source language is translated as 'kandang sundal' in target language. It uses reformulation technique to translate that idiom.

Combining Translation Techniques
A combining techniques is a technique that combine two or more technique to translate a phrase.Crazy bastard' in source language is translated as 'jahanam jadah' in target language. 'Crazy' in source language is translated as 'Jahanam used transposition techniques. Crazy is an adjective but translated as adverb for 'jahanam' in target language means 'very' as its meaning. On the other hand, 'bastard' is translated as 'jadah' use literal translation for 'haram jadah', but there is an omission 'haram' in target language.

Conclusions
In this research, the researcher found about the 96 data, and from the data there are some categories of swearword and some kinds of translation techniques. There are seven kinds of swearwords contain in the object of the research. They are imbecile terms, general terms, death terms, animal terms, mother-in-law terms, racist term, and sexual irregulity terms, There are 9 data of imbecile term for nuts, cuckoo, and ain't bright, 23 data general terms for bastard and crazy, 39 data of death terms for the hell and goddamn, 6 data of mother in law terms for son of bitch, 1 data of racist for Nigger, 3 data of animal terms of rats, chicken, and cat, and 6 data of sexual irregulities for tart and bitch.
There are 5 kinds of swearword translation techniques in the research, they are 9 data of literal translation, 1 data of particularization, 1 data of reduction, 3 data of transposition and 1 data of adaptation.