Islamic character formation in elementary schools: Teachers as role models in Bandura’s social cognitive theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v5i3.48621Keywords:
elementary school, exemplary behavior, habituation, role modeling, social-cognitive theoryAbstract
Education is a process of maturing a person, including the method of education that must be considered, especially during the elementary school years, as students tend to imitate. The purpose of this study was to determine the integration of Bandura's theory with the concept of Islamic education. The method employed was a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative) involving a quasi-experimental design and interviews. The findings revealed a strong convergence between Bandura's social cognitive learning theory and the concept of Islamic moral education. Data from 15 case studies showed that 78% of schools that systematically implemented teacher role modeling experienced significant improvements in student behavior.
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Atmaja, T. S. (2023). The Urgency Of Character Education In Educational Units In Indonesia In Facing Global Challenges And 21st Century Competencies. Jurnal Scientia, 12(04), 2014–2019.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
Barr, R., Kirkorian, H., Coyne, S., & Radesky, J. (2024). Early Childhood and Digital Media. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108885751
Cardenala, M.-E., Díaz-Santanab, O.-D., & González-Betancorc, S.-M. (2023). Teacher-student relationship and teaching styles in primary education: A model of analysis. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 8(3), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-09-2022-0053
Cherry, K. (2024). How social learning theory works. Verywell Mind.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Droe, K. L. (2013). Effect of verbal praise on achievement goal orientation, motivation, and performance attribution. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 23(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1177/1057083712458592
Feng, K., Zhao, X., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Ye, Z., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2019). Spaced Learning Enhances Episodic Memory by Increasing Neural Pattern Similarity Across Repetitions. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 39(27), 2741–18. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2741-18.2019
Fryling, M. J., Johnston, C., & Hayes, L. J. (2011). Understanding Observational Learning: An Interbehavioral Approach. Anal Verbal Behav, 27(1), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03393102
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737011003255
Habibullah, J. A., Norvaizi, I., & Dewi, D. E. C. (2025). Implementasi Mixed Methods dalam Penelitian Pendidikan [Implementation of Mixed Methods in Educational Research]. Peradaban Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Research, 3(1), 245. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.59001/pjier.v3i1.245 [in indonesian]
Han, Y., Ali, S. K. B. S., & Ji, L. (2022). Use of Observational Learning to Promote Motor Skill Learning in Physical Education: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10109. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610109
Hudi, I., Purwanto, H., Miftahurrahmi, A., Marsyanda, F., Rahma, G., Aini, A. N., & Rahmawati, A. (2024). Krisis Moral dan Etika Pada Generasi Muda Indonesia [Moral and Ethical Crisis Among Indonesia’s Young Generation]. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Psikologi, 1(2), 233–241.
Husen, A., & Mardiah, E. (2022). Pengaruh Keteladanan Guru Terhadap Akhlak Peserta Didik Pada Mata Pelajaran Akidah Akhlak : (Studi di MIS Mathla’ul Anwar Langensari Kecamatan Saketi Tahun Pelajaran 2021/2022 [The influence of Teacher Role Models on Students’ Morals in the Subject of Aqi. Al‑Authar: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Hukum Islam, 1(1), 25–44.
Ibn Miskawayh, A. ibn M. (c. 94.-1030). (1966). Tahdhīb al‑Akhlaq [Refinement of Character] (C. K. Zurayk (ed.); (Teks asli). American University of Beirut.
Iswan, I., Rahmi, F., & Kusmawati, A. (2019). Pembentukan karakter Islami Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Melalui Pendekatan Konsep STAFI [Formation of Islamic Character in Elementary School Students Through the STAFI Concept Approach]. Islamadina: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 20(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v0i0.5129 [in Indonesian]
Kang, W., Hernández, S. P., & Mei, J. (2021). Neural mechanisms of observational learning: A neural working model. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 609312. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.609312
Kawuwung, F. R., Mamahit, J. A., & Jabari, N. (2023). Enhancing Students’ Critical Thinking Skills: A Quasi-Experiment Study on Inquiry Learning Model. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, Dan Pengembangan, 8(4), 264—269. https://doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v8i4.21471
Kite, M. E., Whitley Jr, B. E., & Wagner, L. S. (2022). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Routledge.
Lickona, T. (2004). Character Matters: How to Help Our Children Develop Good Judgment, Integrity, and Other Essential Virtues. Simon and Schuster.
Lickona, T., Schaps, E., & Lewis, C. (2007). CEP’s Eleven Principles of Effective Character Education. Connecticut Avenue NW Suite.
Martínez, J. J. (2023). The long-term effects of teachers’ gender stereotypes. Arxiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.08220
McLeod, S. (2024). Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development. Simply Psychology.
Mendes, R., Pereira, M., Nobre, P., & Dias, G. (2025). Analysis of Teachers’ Visual Behaviour in Classes: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 15(4), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040054
Muadzin, L. A., & Romelah, R. (2025). Implementasi Metode Keteladanan pada Pembelajaran Akhlak di SMP Muhammadiyah Boarding School Tarakan [Implementation of the Exemplary Method in Moral Learning at Muhammadiyah Boarding School Tarakan Middle School]. Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Islam, 2(1), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.61132/moral.v2i1.593 [in Indonesian]
Munsaka, E. (2011). Mastering the Psychology of Teaching and Learning. University of Zambia Press.
Muslich, M. (2011). Character education: Responding to the challenges of multidimensional crises (Pendidikan karakter: Menjawab tantangan krisis multidimensional). Bumi Aksara.
Muslim, S. A.-B. (n.d.). The Book of Destiny Sahih al-Bukhari (Hadis No. 2658d). Sunnah.Com.
Nazmillah, T., Ngulwiyah, I., & Hakim, Z. R. (2023). Pelaksanaan Nilai Religius dalam Pendidikan Karakter di SDIT Al–Izzah Kota Serang [Implementation of Religious Values in Character Education At SDIT Al-Izzah, Serang City]. Pendas Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 8(1), 557–569. https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v8i1.7611 [in Indonesian]
Prihatini, N., Aliyyah, R. R., & Ichsan, M. (2024). Guru Sebagai Teladan: Membentuk Karakter Disiplin Peserta Didik Melalui Budaya Pembiasaan di Sekolah [Teachers as Role Models: Shaping Students’ Disciplined Character Through a Culture of Habits in Schools]. Karimah Tauhid, 3(1), 371–385. https://doi.org/10.30997/karimahtauhid.v3i1.11653 [in Indonesian]
Rahayu, W., Maimunah, A., Jannah, R., Zukri, A., Sari, D. M., & Ikhlas, M. (2024). Character education in Islamic education: Strengthening and implementing in the digital age. At-Tarbawi: Jurnal Kajian Kependidikan Islam, 8(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.22515/attarbawi.v8i2.7498
Redhizma, A. G., Kesuma, G. C., & Sada, H. J. (2023). Peran Guru Akidah Akhlak dalam Menanamkan Nilai-Nilai Karakter Religius Peserta Didik di Mts At Tholibin Lampung Utara [The Role of Religious and Moral Teachers in Instilling Religious Character Values in Students at Mts At Tholibin, North Lampung]. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia Didaktika, 1(1), 36–40.
Republik Indonesia. (2003). Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional [Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System].
Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual. Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
Salsabilah, I. (2019). Pendidikan Karakter Islami Berbasis Nilai-Nilai Kearifan Lokal (Penelitian di SDN 12 Ciseureuh Kahuripan Pajajaran Purwakarta) [Islamic Character Education Based on Local Wisdom Values (Research at SDN 12 Ciseureuh Kahuripan Pajajaran Purwakarta)]. Cendekia: Jurnal Kependidikan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 17(2), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v17i2.1322 [in Indonesian]
Sari, E. (2014). The relation between Islamic education environment management and student emotional intelligence. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v1i2.672
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020). Motivation and social-cognitive theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60(1), 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2007). Influencing children’s self-efficacy and Self-Regulation of Reading and Writing through Modeling. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 23(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560600837578
Siagian, N. (2015). Implementasi pendidikan karakter: Kasus di Sekolah Dasar Islam Terpadu Nurul Ilmi Kota Jambi [Implementation Of Character Education: The Case Of Integrated Islamic Elementary School Nurul Ilmi Jambi]. Penamas, 28(2), 243–258.
Sidik, P., Suresman, E., & Nurihsan, J. (2024). Character education and the crisis of national role models. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 25(2), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpka.v15i2.73676
Subakti, D. K., Mardati, A., & Sherina, S. (2022). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Melalui Keteladanan di SD Muhammadiyah Pendowoharjo [Implementing Character Education Through Role Modeling at Muhammadiyah Pendowoharjo Elementary School]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil Pelaksanaan Program, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 1044–1050.
Sufiani, S. (2024). Keteladanan guru dalam pembentukan karakter Islami di Raudhatul Athfal [Teachers’ exemplary role in the formation of Islamic character in Raudhatul Athfal]. Murhum: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.37985/murhum.v5i1.510 [in Indonesian]
Sya’ad, M. K., & Al-Asyhar, T. (2025). Integration of Ibnu Miskawaih’s Character Education and Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 16(1), 50–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/jmp.v16i1.54624
Syafaatunnisa, S., & Nurulhaq, D. (2023). Peran Guru PAI dalam Mengajarkan Akhlak di Media Sosial [The Role of Islamic Education Teachers in Teaching Morals on Social Media]. Ar-Rusyd: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.61094/arrusyd.2830-2281.81 [in Indonesian]
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