International Publications on Radicalism and Terrorism in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Assessment

This article analyses international publications on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia in the Scopus database. This study employs a bibliometrics study to designate a set of quantitative methods of analysis of international scientific publications on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Data was collected from search results in the Scopus database with a combination keyword "radicalism OR terrorism OR Fundamentalism IN Indonesia" in three categories: article titles, article abstracts, and article keywords in publication period, 2001-2019. The results found 414 scientific publications relating to radicalism and terrorism. The highest number was in 2019, with 49 scientific publications (11.8%). The highest amount was obtained from publishing in Jane’s Defense Weekly, a publisher in the United Kingdom (UK) that provides open-source for global intelligence agents with 12 publications (2.8%). The most prolific writer is Julie Chernov Hwang, with seven articles. He is an associate professor in politics and international relations department at Goucher College, Baltimore, Maryland (MD), United States. However, of the total scholars who conducted international publications in radicalism and terrorism study, the first rank was occupied by Indonesian scholars with 128 papers (30.9%). It shows that Indonesian scholars are serious about conducting radicalism and terrorism studies in their country. Whereas, publications forms that most contributed to radicalism and terrorism study were international journal articles with 273 publications (65.9%). The radicalism and terrorism study is the most studied in social sciences studies with 270 publications (65.2%).


Introduction
Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest cases of radicalism and terrorism in Southeast Asia (Hamilton-Hart, 2005;White et al., 2013). A series of radicalism and terrorism cases in the name of religion have continued since the 1950s until now. The reason is that Indonesia, with 255 million populations, is dominated by Muslims, about 87 %. It is the largest Muslim country in the world so that Islamic extremists who fight for political Islam have a great interest in Indonesia (Hwang, 2018;Singh, 2004).
Besides, Indonesia had a long experience of Islamic extremism circles shortly after the 1945 independence period when the emergence of the Darul Islam movement in West Java, Aceh, and Sulawesi in 1949-1962(Solahudin, 2013. It has become one of the interest stimulations of various radical and terror movements that make Indonesia a target. Different terrorist groups such as Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) (Yasin, 2008), al-Qaeda and ISIS are involved in a series of bomb terror cases (Fenton & Price, 2015;Zulkarnain & Purnama, 2016) especially after the democratic transition from Orde Baru (the New Order) in 1998 to the present.
Historically, since the 1998 reforms, when Indonesia was in a period of democratic transition after the collapse of the dictatorial Government of Suharto, many leaders of radical movements such as the Darul Islam (DI) and Afghanistan war alumni responded to get new opportunities. The various religious unrest between Islam and Christianity in Ambon and Poso since 1999 and the increasing call for jihad in the world after the 9/11 tragedy in the United States resulted in the re-establishment of new cells of radical movements in Indonesia. These factors encourage them to later adapt and establish relations with militant movements such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) network, al-Qaeda and ISIS to carry out acts of terrorism in Indonesia (ICG, 2005: i;Hwang, 2018: 2).
One of the wings of the JI group carried out a series of bomb attacks in Indonesia between 1999 and 2004 aimed at churches, embassies, and Western symbols such as bars and hotels that were encouraged by Osama bin Laden's fatwa in 1998 to wage jihad against Jews and Crusaders. Two major cases, the Bali  . The rise of ISIS has also raised supporters from the jihadist community in Indonesia. Since 2016, terrorist attacks in Indonesia have begun to be marked by ISIS supporters. One of them was a suicide bombing carried out by three family members from the Jemaah Anshorud Daulah (JAD) group on May 13 and 14, 2018, targeting three churches and police stations in Surabaya. This incident follows the previous bombing attack on Starbucks in Tamrin Street, Jakarta, and the police station in Solo in January 2018. There were 18 suicide bomb attacks between 2001 to 2017. The series of bombing attacks shows the importance of Indonesia in the Islamic militant movement in the world (Fair et al., 2019: 3-4).
The Indonesian Government has made various reactive and preventive policies on deradicalization, anti-terrorism, and counter-terrorism through a series of studies to stem radicalism and terrorism movement. The Government even established Badan Nasional Pemberantasan Terorisme (BNPT or Terrorism Law and National Terrorism Eradication Agency), that arrest, investigate, prosecute in court, and execute the terrorists (Chalmers, 2017;Ibrahim et al., 2019;Lee, 2009;Rucktäschel & Schuck, 2019;Sumpter et al., 2019). Many domestic and foreign scholars are involved in conducting research and policy studies on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia and its relation to the movement network in the world.
However, there has been no general map describing the results of studies on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia until now, especially those published in international publications form. Thus, mapping the international researches on radicalism and terrorism is vital to know the authors' distribution, the institution origin, and the author's country, who wrote the publications and subjects field of scholars' concern. This article examines how many publications have been conducted on radicalism and terrorism over the past two decades. Who are the scholars interested in doing this study, and from which country? How do Indonesian scholars conduct research on radicalism and terrorism that occurred in Indonesia?
Scholars studied networks of radicalism and terrorism in various regions more rather than survey reviews on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. It is hard to find any prior report specifically surveying the international publication on the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. They were very interested in participating in mapping and clarifying networks of extremist movements in Indonesia to facilitate governance in its response. Those were shown in many studies such as Wildan (2008), Temby (2010), McRae (2010) dan Hwang (2012).
This study is important to conduct based on the argument that the number of international publications is an essential indicator of the position of the issue of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia among scholars. The position of Indonesia on the topic of radicalism and world terrorism cannot be ignored. It is not only because of the status of Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in the world but also the escalation of terrorism cases that have strengthened over the past two decades (Hwang, 2018: 13). This situation encourages world scholars to highlight Indonesia in international publications related to the issue of radicalism and terrorism.
This study is expected to provide an essential description of scholars' contributions in conducting investigations of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. It does not only show the percentage ranking of international publications for individual scholars and institutions but also the distribution of various studies focus on international publications, especially in the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. So the scholars or other scientists know trends of study issue development year by year. This study contributes to the radicalism and terrorism studies enrichment in Southeast Asia (Kingsbury & Fernandes, 2005;Tan, 2003;Thayer, 2013).
This study employs a bibliometrics study to designate a set of quantitative methods of analysis of international scientific publications radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. There are four stages carried out in this research. Those are keywords determination, searching, article selection, data validation, and data analysis. This research uses international publication data on radicalism and terrorism sourced from the Scopus database (www.scopus.com). This article is collecting data through publications in Scopus with a combination of keyword radicalism OR terrorism OR fundamentalism on three categories: article titles, abstracts, and keywords published in 2010-2019. This research analyses the number of publications per year, author, author origin, and subject by Microsoft Excel 2010. Whereas trends in the development of international publications radicalism and terrorism study are analysed using VosViewer software.
The term radicalism refers to the belief that the teaching of Islam needs to be implemented fundamentally. Accordingly, Islam is believed it can answer all the problems faced, including the setbacks of Islam and the threats of Jews and Crusaders. This political understanding believes that Islam is under threat so that it pushes to defend Islam from that threat. The most significant danger comes primarily from the Zionist and Crusader global conspiracy with America and Israel as its leaders (Lym, 2005: 2). This understanding then becomes a movement that believes that true Islam must be implemented through enforcing weapons. The term radicalism is then also often exchanged as fundamentalism. It is a term that was initially borrowed from the early 20th-century Christian movement. The term fundamentalism is applied (mainly by the West) to those who call for the strict application of sharia, including an Islamic state (Rippin, 2005: 191-4).
Both the term of radicalism and fundamentalism then cannot be separated from the term terrorism as an effort to uphold the teachings of fundamental Islam through religious violence (Muluk, 2013: 102). Terrorism involves threats and violence against civil society to bring about social, political, and economic change. During the late 20th century, experts began to use the term of terrorism to describe militant tactics in various movements and organizations that were more associated with Islam (Campo and Elfenbein, 2004: 691-3). These three terms were chosen because they are commonly used by scholars in international publications. Three words would be sufficiently representative for mapping the study because the purpose of this study is to survey international publications related to the issue of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia.

Publication Development Per Year
The results of data searching with keywords combination, radicalism OR  Based on the results of several searches of international publication data on the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia in 2001-2019, it shows that scholars' publication tends to increase year to year. It reflects radicalism and terrorism issues in Indonesia receive significant attention from research scholars in the world as we know that Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world as well as the largest democracy among Muslim countries in the world. Thus, Indonesia's political change greatly influence not only the political map in Southeast Asia but also in Muslim countries in the world. Therefore, if radicalism and terrorism issues in Indonesia change the face of Indonesian politics, it will become a serious concern of scholars in politics and international relations field in the world.
The increase in international publications also appears to be significant, especially after the democratic transition in Indonesia in 1998 from the New Order era to the reformation era until the present. A period that radicalism and terrorism escalation in the name of religion has increased. It is also reinforced by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001 that turned on the world terrorism network cells, including Indonesia. Scholars have great attention to monitoring the development of radicalism and terrorism movement in Indonesia. From 2001 to 2019, there are 414 publications with an average of 21 international publications per year. The number proves scholars' seriousness in the world on radicalism and terrorism issues in Indonesia.
The average international publications are predicted to increase continuously related to both radicalism and terrorism acts in Indonesia. As the act of terrorism continued to occur in various regions in Indonesia and forced the Indonesian Government to formulate policies to disseminate religious moderation as one effort to counteract radicalism and terrorism understanding in the name of religion. Indonesian Government, through the Ministry of Religious Affairs, has echoed the policy until now (Kementerian Agama RI, 2019). Besides, the increasing Islamic populism issue after Ahok (the former Jakarta governor) case in 2016 (Hatherell & Welsh, 2017Mietzner, 2020), will likely continue to be an essential concern that will adorn the political face of Islamic identity in Indonesia for at least next decade. Therefore, scholars will be motivated to make radicalism and terrorism issues in the context of strengthening religious moderation as one of their research focus.

Publication Type
The researcher found 414 international publications about radicalism and terrorism cases in Indonesia in 2001-2019. There are different publication types. The highest is the international publication with 273 articles or 65.9%, 31 books or 7.5%, followed by book chapter with 31 or 7.5%, 30 reviews or 7.2%, 23 conference papers, or 5.6% the rest other various types of publications as shown in Figure 2. The Scopus index-based search data also shows that from a total of 414 international publications, 273 publications (65.9%) are journal articles. It shows that scholars prefer to publish the results of their research in the International journal article. Scholars believe that the results of their study on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia will be widely read and quoted by other scholars if published in international journals compared to different publication types. Currently, all international journals have used an online system so everyone can access it anywhere and anytime easily.
In Indonesia, the Government encourages scholars to publish research results in reputable international journals compared to books, book chapters, reviews, and conference papers even at the international level. Especially since 2014, the Indonesian Government made a policy that researchers at various universities and institutions should make international journal articles as the main requirement to obtain professor qualifications.

Core Journals in International Publications
Another interesting finding is the main place of publication in the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia in two decades, 2001-1009, as shown in Table 1. The result found many core journals as an international publisher. The first rank is Jane's Defence Weekly, with 12 articles or 2.8%. It is a publisher in the United Kingdom that offers open sources for intelligent global agency. The issue of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia becomes one of the primary publication material.
Several journals with specific scopes in the fields of defense, conflict, terrorism, security, political violence, and international events appear to dominate the number of international journal articles. Not only Jane's Defense Weekly but also Studies in Conflict and Terrorism published seven articles or 1.7%, Australian Journal of International Affairs with six papers or 1.4%, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies with six articles or 1.4% and Terrorism and Political Violence with five articles or 1.2%. Many journals are generally published in Europe and Australia.
Besides, several journals from Indonesia with specific scope in the field of Islamic studies and Muslim social community also have taken part in publishing in the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia such as Journal of Indonesian Islam with nine articles or 2.17%, Al Jami'ah, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies and Studia Islamika with three articles for each or 0.72%. There are many top rank International publishers on the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia in the past two decades. It is dominated by European and Australian journals which focus on social sciences and humanities, particularly in the fields of defense, conflict, terrorism, security, political violence, and international relations. Jane's Defense Weekly published 12 articles (2.8%) in the first rank, then Studies in Conflict and Terrorism with seven articles (1.7%), Australian Journal of International Affairs with six articles (1.4%), Central European Journal of International and Security Studies with six articles (1.4%) and Terrorism and Political Violence 5 articles (1.2%). It is the implication of the issue of radicalism, and terrorism in Indonesia has a strategic position in foreign political policies of European and Australia countries. For example, Australia, as a neighbour country of Indonesia, has an interest in Indonesia's political situation because many of its citizens routinely traveled to Bali and became the most victims in the Bali bombing tragedy in 2002 (Ramakrishna, 2007, p. 128).
Despite politics and defense scopes, both the ranges of studies in Asia and Southeast Asia and Islamic studies field also published the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Those are Asian Survey journals with six articles (1.4%), Indonesia and the Malay World published five articles (1.2%) and Asian Journal of Social Psychology, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Southeast Asia Research, Third World Quarterly four papers for each (0.96%). Besides, there are also Islamic studies journals, either published in Europe or Indonesia, published the related topics, such as Contemporary Islam with four articles (0.96%), Journal of Indonesian Islam with nine articles (2.17%), Al Jami'ah, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies and Studia Islamika are three articles (0.72%) for each.

Subject Area
The following explanation relates to the scientific subject area of international publications in the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia in 2001-2019. The searching result shows that international publications are dominated by 270 articles in social sciences (42.5%), followed by 92 papers (14.5%) in arts and humanities, engineering with 51 publications (8.0%), medicine with 46 publications (7.2%), business, management, and accounting with 42 issuings (6.6%) and the rest are other subject areas.

Figure 3 Scientific Subject Area of International Publication
Based on its subject, as seen in Figure 3, international publications are dominated by social sciences and humanities. Social sciences published 270 papers (42.5%), followed by 92 publications in arts and humanities fields (14.5%). This fact shows two matters. First, the scholars pay their attention to the journal scope to publish the results of their research about radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Second, they think that the best approach in radicalism and terrorism studies today is the qualitative approach in the social sciences and humanities field. There are only a few scholars who use other methodologies or approaches except the social sciences and humanities field.
However, some scholars also seem to have started using other fields, such as informatics science. Those are engineering with 51 publications (8.0%), medicine 46 papers (7.2%), computer science 15 publications (3.6%), energy, mathematics, physics and astronomy, and others. It shows that radicalism and terrorism studies are possible to be analyzed using the science informatics field. It is related to the growing use of the internet and social media by activists of radicalism and terrorism movement in Indonesia (Ghifari, 2017). In the future, scholars in science and informatics will also color the tendency of the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. For example, Lim (2005) and Ahyar (2017) did the research.

Mapping Theme of the Study of Radicalism and Terrorism in Indonesia
In addition to social science and humanities subject areas, the data mapping below, in Figure 4, shows that the issue of radicalism and terrorism studies in international publications tends to gather on several key issues relating to one another. The two main issues are radicalism and attack issues.
Various dominant radicalism and terrorism issues look pointing to Islam because suicide bombers throughout 2001-2019 carried out by Muslim extremist groups. Thus, many Muslim scholars feel compelled to conduct research that leads to radicalism and terrorism issues among Muslims.
Based on the VOSviewer tracking program and density visualization mapping, there are two main prominent issues in international publications during the last two decades: radicalism and attack. Those are strongly related to the religious aspect, especially Islam. It is the impact of terrorists in suicide bombings during 2001-2019 were Muslim extremist groups. Therefore, the issues formed by scholars in determining the topic and focus of radicalism and terrorism studies in Indonesia will certainly always lead to Islam and Muslims.

The Author's Regional Distributions
The data below shows the country of authors' origin of international publications in the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Indonesia is the largest country with a total of 128 international publications (31%). Followed by Australia 78 publications (19%), United States 72 publications (17.4%), English 28 publications (6.76%), Singapore 20 publications (4.8%), Malaysia 16 publications (3.86%), Canada 12 publications (2.89 %), Germany and the Netherlands eight publications (1.9%) and Indian seven publications (1.7%).

Figure 6 Top Rank of Author's Region in International Publication
Based on figure 6, there is the last question, how much do Indonesian scholars contribute? It is essential to ask because this article is a study of international publications with a study theme radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. It will be very ironic if Indonesian scholars do not take part in researching and studying the significant issues of radicalism and terrorism in their own country. It reflects their care and awareness of the fate of their nation and country in the future. Therefore, a survey of Indonesian scholars' publications on radicalism and terrorism issues in their own country is crucial.
The results of the data prove that Indonesian scholars are quite concerned about conducting research related to the issue of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Out of 414 international publications, Indonesian scholars have successfully contributed 128 international papers (31%). The number of Indonesian scholars beats scholars from other countries such as Australia 78 publications (19%), United States 72 publications (17.4%), English 28 publications (6.76%), Singapore 20 papers (4.8%), Malaysia 16 articles (3.86%), Canada has 12 publications (2.89%), Germany and the Netherlands eight publications for each (1.9%) and seven Indian publications (1.7%). Moreover, around 600 authors in 414 international publications, more than two-thirds of them are scholars from Indonesia, either domiciled in Indonesia or abroad. It shows that Indonesian scholars are also quite serious in conducting studies of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Of the hundreds of Indonesian scholars' names, I.E. Putra was the most productive with five publications, followed by A.N. Burhani (LIPI), S. Febrica (University of Indonesia), A. Mashuri (Universitas Brawijaya), A. Rufaedah (UNUSIA) and E. Zaduqisti (IAIN Pekalongan) each with three publications (0.72%).
Generally, the number of international publications increases year to year; it is likely will continue to increase. This result is related to not only the actions of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia that continue to this day but also the Indonesian government policy by releasing religious moderation module. Besides, the Government research policies, both the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Religious Affairs, amid the classic reasons for the limited national research funding, seriously both encourage scholars and researchers to take part in solving the problem of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. This factor makes radicalism and terrorism issue will continue to get a place in the research agenda of Indonesian scholars in many international publications.

Conclusions
The results of the data search and discussion above show that international publications related to the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia over the last two decades have increased. There were 414 scientific publications related to radicalism and terrorism topics with the highest number in 2019 of 49 scientific publications (11.8%). Even though foreign journals are at the top of publications, several international journals in Indonesia have also begun to present their research findings related to the issue of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. Moreover, Indonesian writers rank at the top of the total number of international publications with 128 publications (30.9%). It shows that Indonesian scholars are also quite concerned about conducting studies of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. This data is quite encouraging for the future of research and the resilience of Indonesian.
This study argues that the number of international publications is an essential indicator of the position of the issue of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia among scholars. The position of Indonesia on the topic of radicalism and world terrorism cannot be ignored. Indonesia is not only the largest Muslim country in the world but also the escalation of terrorism cases that have strengthened over the past two decades.
Nevertheless, the findings of this study have limitations in the database used as a reference, namely the Scopus indexing engine. So that only international publications on the Scopus page are used as reference data. Many international publication data on the study of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia in other indexing engines are not counted in this study. For example, international publications in World of Science indexed journals, international book chapters, international conference papers, and other international publication documents. The results of this study may be more exceptional if this study reaches other international publication documents.