Penyebab Kegagalan Kudeta Militer di Turki Tahun 2016 Causes of the Failed of the Military Coup in Turkey in 2016

Military interference in politics in Turkey resumed with an outright military coup on July 15, 2016, but the Coup failed. The Turkish military has always successfully conducted coups, both directly and indirectly, which occurred in 1960, 1971,


INTRODUCTION
Pretorianism or commonly referred to as military intervention into politics, has always been an interesting study to study and observe, especially regarding coups. Moreover, the trend of military coups is currently continuing to decline. Jonathan Powell and Clayton Thyne (2011)  In the case of Turkey, the military was in power during the time of Mustafa Kemal. However, the role of the Turkish military changed to that of guardian or overseer of Turkish secularism after 1923 (Perlmutter, 2000). The Turkish military will interfere in politics when the military considers civilians a threat due to various factors such as the threat of secular ideology, internal POLITICON (Hale, 2011).
The military continued to play its loyalty to the regime and participated in Ataturk's programs until before 1950. At this time, there was a symbiosis between the military and its single party, the CHP (Republican People's Party). Menderes, citing political and economic instability (Hale, 2011

RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses qualitative methods because this research emphasizes more on "words," not "numbers," with the researcher as the key instrument (Margret et al., 2014). In addition, the data analysis is qualitative/inductive, and the results emphasize meaning. The stages of the data analysis technique carried out in this study are, First, the data obtained through books, journals, articles, papers, videos, and news from mainstream media relevant to the research are collected as much as possible. Second, the data that has been collected is validated so that the data obtained is valid and unbiased. Third, the data obtained are then grouped according to the topic of discussion. Fourth, the data is then analyzed and interpreted so that the information obtained can answer research questions and provide conclusions. In analyzing this problem, Edward Luttwak's coup theory is used because this theory has been widely used to explain the failure or success in a country. Gulen also has many sympathizers in the military, which is the last bastion for Gulenists to survive in politics in Turkey. This is because the government purged the Gulenist power in the media, courts, police, corporations, and education. Rodrik (2016)  Coup plotters also used tanks, heavy armor, attack helicopters, and warplanes (Gurcan, 2016). Sonmezates, in court. Gokhan Sonmezates said, "My mission was to take the president and bring him to Akinci air base safe and sound" (Pamuk, 2017). The attempted arrest or assassination of Erdoan was also witnessed by people staying at the hotel and admitting that there was indeed an attack by the military using helicopters and other combat weapons against their hotel (Thompson, 2016). Ali Gundogan, a local journalist who was at the scene, also testified that the coup groups told him they didn't want to hurt the residents.

Cause of Coup
They just wanted to arrest President Erdogan (Gutman, 2016). Erdogan also testified in the media that he and his family would die if they remained in the hotel 10 to 15 minutes before he left the hotel (Middle East Eye, 2017).
Erdogan then decided to go to Istanbul. From the Marmaris hotel, Erdoan took a helicopter to Dalaman Airport, near the Aegean coast, who then switched to using a business jet and decided to fly to Istanbul (Gutman, 2016 out outside the chain of command and was a parallel state-driven uprising.
Erdogan condemned the attempted Coup and threatened severe punishment for the coup perpetrators. Erdogan also called on the public to take to the streets, gather in squares and airports. Erdogan added, "Go to the streets and give them their answer." Through this interview, Erdogan also expressed his desire to fly to Ankara (Pagliery, Pallotta, & Ellis, 2016). However, his desire to fly to Ankara changed after getting a call from Umit Dundar, who told him to go to Istanbul and guarantee his safety (Popp, 2017 was saturated with endless conflicts and political instability (Dzakirin, 2012). The failure to arrest key actors and the inability of the coup plotters to control social media led to the coup attempt being opposed by the Turkish public. In the end, July 15, 2016, was thwarted with 238 people dead and 2190 injured.

CONCLUSION
The 2016 military coup in Turkey was to restore constitutional order, human rights, and freedoms. However, the Coup that was launched failed. One of the contributing factors was the failure of the coup plotters to arrest key state actors, especially President Erdogan and Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım, who are important symbols of Turkey. Using advances in technology, Erdoan and Binali Yildirim moved people into the streets to oppose the coup attempt.
Arresting key state actors is an important part of the two phases of a coup. As