Partisipasi Politik Santri dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah di Kabupaten Nagan Raya Tahun 2017 Political Participation of Santri in the 2017 Regional Elections in Nagan Raya Regency

This research deals with the participation of students in Islamic boarding schools (dayah), which tend to deepen religion so that political information is limited. This study aims to determine the political participation of students in Nagan Raya Aceh 2017. This research is important because it looks at the attitude of santri in political power relations. The urgency of this research is to understand the political culture of the santri, which is not only seen from the Kyai as a determinant of political choices. This research uses a qualitative approach with strategy of the case study. The results of this study indicate that the behavior of voters (santri) with the Michigan School approach where the political attitudes and choices are chosen is not only based on the leadership of the pesantren / santri but there is direct involvement by the participation of the students with three aspects.


INTRODUCTION
The participation of Santri in the political process is no longer a taboo subject, especially in Aceh, where the existence of santri is the majority group, both santri from integrated (modern) and traditional Islamic boarding schools (Dayah). Dayah has a different system from modern boarding schools. Dayah uses a non-formal learning system with salafiyah scientific studies that produce Teungku (Ustad), Dayah's existence in Aceh since the sultanate era has a strong relationship with the government system and even the process of political succession, the role of the dayah is identical with Ulama are in charge of the procession of death, life, thought, mediators in the community and even influence a reference for determining the political attitudes of the people in certain areas (Almuhajir, 2015).
The tendency of the dayah to internalize Islamic values influences the socio-political control of the community (Mashuri, 2013), as happened in succession to the victory of Jadin Idham and Chalidin Oesman (Jadin) in the election of the Regent in Nagan Raya Regency. The trend of dayah politics with the political object of santri in Jadin's victory can be analyzed based on the number of dayahs in the area. Nagan Raya is one of the regions with 32 Islamic boarding schools with 4818 students (statistical data at ditpdpontren.

kemenag, 2018/2019).
A political affiliation is a form of tendency formed by the dominant group towards other groups. This tendency is carried out as a form of support and profit. Political affiliation is divided into two perspectives: First, defensive political affiliation is a tendency based on protection goals and is situational.
Second, offensive political affiliation is a relationship built on the basis of interests to gain support by influencing other groups towards the interests desired by the dominant group (Endra, 1979). This affiliation gives birth to two or more groups that are superior and inferior.
The superior group in this study is the Candidate / Fighter Actor and the Leader of the Islamic Boarding School / Kyai, while the inferior group is the santri. So that the power relations formed are Candidates -Islamic Boarding School Leaders -Santri. This power relationship is considered to have influenced the voting behavior of students in the Nagan Raya Regency election, which was won by the pair Jadin Idham and Chalidin Oesman or who is more familiarly called " Jadin " from the PA (Aceh Party) and Democrat POLITICON : Jurnal Ilmu Politik Vol.3 No.2 ; The study of regional elections related to the participation of students, it is closely related to Kiai in Islamic boarding schools (dayah). The relationship of obedience applies to a santri towards the kyai. Pesantren is an Islamic educational institution. On the other hand, this institution has an important influence on society. In the pesantren, there is a Kyai figure, where the Kyai is the founder, the growth, development, and management of a pesantren means that he is an essential element. As a pesantren leader, the character and success of a pesantren depend a lot on the expertise and depth of knowledge, characteristics, and authority, as well as the skills of the Kyai. In this context, the Kyai's personality is very decisive because he is a neutral figure in the pesantren (Hasbullah, 1999). Meanwhile, santri are people who study Islam and study Islam in a pesantren (Islamic boarding school), a place of learning for students (Hidayat, 2016 (Sugiyono, 2009: 72). The data collection technique uses participatory observation, in-depth interviews, documentary studies. The data analysis process begins by examining all available data from various sources, namely interviews, observations, personal documents, official documents, photos, etc. The next step is to conduct data reduction. They were done by making abstractions (Miles, 1992: 82).

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Nagan Raya Regency Leadership History
Nagan Raya Regency was formed in 2002 after the division of Aceh Jaya Regency. Nagan Raya's first leadership was led by H.T Zulkarnain or familiar with Ampon Bang through direct appointment. The first regional head election in Nagan Raya was held in 2007, which Ampon Bang won. The second election  (Aklima & Ramadhan, 2019). In 2017, the contest for the seat of regional head power in Nagan Raya was held again, followed by the Jadin Couple. Jadin's victory is

Source: Processed by Researchers, 2021
Weber classifies four types of social action that can affect the social system and structure of society. In realizing his vision and mission, Jadin carries out these four social interactions/actions to influence the social and

Michigan School of Voting Behavior in the 2017 Nagan Raya Election
The patron-client culture in general elections in Indonesia is an interesting thing that continues to be studied, where the patron-client relationship has a mutually beneficial impact. The benefits obtained are certainly not balanced, but when viewed from the concept of rational choice, the benefits obtained are individual and mutual benefits. The specifics of this concept are that the patron is (superior) and the client is (inferior). This relationship is then easily applied in the santri community, where the role of the pesantren leader is categorized as a patron with identification on the culture that develops among the santri, namely reverence for the leader. This takzim then makes the santri as clients who are continuously controlled according to the attitude of the leadership. Or conversely, there are mutual benefits with the same political stance.
A sociological or socio-structural approach is used to see the perspective of choosing behavior from the concept of patron-client relations.
This approach is divided into two models of explanation, namely microsociological and macro-sociological. The basis of the micro-sociological explanation model comes from the theory of social circles, such as family, circle of colleagues, workplace, etc. A voter lives in a particular context: his economic status, religion, place of residence, place of work, and age define the social circle that influences voter decisions. At the same time, the explanation of the macro-sociological model refers to the basic conflicts that usually arise in society, whose balance needs to be maintained in a democracy (Ramadhan, 2020).
Client patrons show that there is a strong relationship between a person's identification with a character and party choice. Their interactions with the leader influence individuals' decisions to support a particular party.
Each leader has its own social and political constituencies based on their respective orientations. In patron-client relationships, the community also weighs the advantages and disadvantages of supporting a political party or a person's figure (Ramadhan, 2020).
The client's patron is very strongly felt in the process of selecting regional heads (pilkada). The pattern of client patrons has a negative effect on voters and has an effect on performance within the political parties or candidates themselves. In the structure of the successful team of a political 215 party or candidate, many people join with different motivations. Some individuals join because of the aspect of proximity to certain candidates or political parties (activist brokers), some individuals join because solely to seek material or motivation to find work (Clientelist brokers), and the last is to seek material in a short-term context (opportunist brokers). ).
In addition, patron clients hurt the voting community because candidates who have the material can buy the votes of voters who choose them and win them. The candidate certainly gets legitimacy from the election. The legitimacy gained from buying votes allows candidates not to be obliged to provide accountability (articulate and aggregate the people's interests into public policy). The disconnection of relations between public officials and the people after the election ends and the severance of these relations imply the severance of relations between public policies and the people so that policies that occur is an elite bias policy (Ramadhan, 2020).
The sociological approach places the activity of choosing its relation in the context of the sociological construction of society, where a person's behavior in the case of a client's patron will be seen from the influence of their sociological background. Individual attitudes play a role in determining a person's behavior in their environment. The environment will reciprocally influence attitudes and behavior with various factors and will form a complex process that determines a person's behavior. The characteristics of the patronclient relationship are as follows (Scott, 1993); First, because of the unequal ownership of economic resources; second, there is a reciprocity relationship.
A reciprocal relationship is a mutually beneficial relationship, giving and receiving each other even though in an unequal level; third Loyalty Relationship. Loyalty is loyalty or obedience, the four personal relationships.
A personal relationship is a direct and intensive relationship between the patron and the client, which causes the relationship to occur not solely for profit motives but also contains elements of feelings that can be found in personal relationships.
On the other hand, the Michigan School approach looks at the social context, namely a place of shelter or living environment, but a group of social scientists from the University of Michigan at Arbor also places the individual himself as the main focus. Where personal perceptions and judgments or issues raised (short-term effect) greatly influence the general election. Not only that, membership of a party or candidate orientation (long-term influence) also influences choices in regional head elections (Leo Agustino, 2009). This social-psychological approach emphasizes that the behavior of choosing a person or group of people is influenced by socio-psychological aspects that determine the act of choosing. This psychological school builds the assumption that the influence of psychological forces largely determines the determination of political choices. The determination to vote or take sides with a political force is seen as a product of the attitudes and psychological dispositions of the voters (Affan Gaffar, 1992).
The social-psychological approach has three determinant factors that can influence voter choice in the short and long term in the regional head election: First Party ID or party identification; Second candidate orientation; The third is issue orientation (Leo Agustino, 2009). These determinant factors are used to explain the concept of student voting behavior in making choices in the 2017 regional elections in Nagan Raya as follows:

Party ID (Party Identification)
Party identification identifies the closeness of a person's feelings that a certain party is his political identity or feels close to a certain political party (Haryanto, 2016). Likewise, in the regional head election (pilkada), Nagan Raya. One factor influencing the behavior of choosing students in the Nagan Raya election is Party ID. The pair Jadin Idham and Chalidin Osman are candidates who are promoted and supported by the PA and Democrat parties.
Based on field data, the five pesantren that were the target of the study were dominated by supporters of the Aceh Party (PA). This support is internal to the Pesantren leadership, but the students also identify with this party. According to them, the two parties are their identity, especially the Aceh Party. From the field data survey, it is explained that; party identification in Jadin's victory as Regent/Deputy Regent can be seen from the following interview results; First, local parties are political identities dominated by santri from the five pesantren; Second, the candidate promoted by the Aceh Party became one of the dominant factors affecting the suffrage of students in the five pesantren.
The data above shows that the behavior of choosing santri in the 2017 Nagan Raya election is influenced by the identification of parties that are considered capable of representing mutual benefits.

Candidate orientation
Candidate orientation is a feeling of belief that the candidate can improve the situation. In this case, leadership is the candidate's ability to convince voters. Voter behavior is largely determined by the candidate's figure (Dalton, 2002). The students believe that the " Jadin " candidate can improve the condition of the dayah or pesantren in the future, especially in terms of facilities and infrastructure. According to the santri, the vision and mission of the candidate " Jadin " clearly show that this pair of candidates cares about strengthening the religious field in Nagan Raya. The candidate orientation in the context of the election of regent/deputy regent in Nagan Raya, including; First, religious figures are evidenced by the candidate's vision and mission during the campaign period; Second, the educational background of santri which requires choosing candidates who are pro or prioritize development in the field of religion; Third; The profit dimension with the recognition of religious education is equivalent to general education.
The description above shows that the dominant factor of the candidate's orientation is religious in a universal sense. This religious dimension is used as the initial basis for choosing students to determine the voting rights given.
Furthermore, the pattern of student participation is not completely numb or follows the patron-client concept.

Issue Orientation
The behavior of choosing participants can be seen from the voters' understanding of the orientation of the issues that are informed as political

Political Participation in Nagan Raya in 2017
The patron-client framework in this study can be seen as follows; Candidates/ Islamic Boarding School Leaders, Candidates/Santri, Islamic Boarding School/Santri Leaders. So that those who act as patrons are Candidates and Pesantren Leaders, while those who act as clients are students. leadership. Thus, it shows that the relationship between Pesantren/Santri Leaders dominates students' attitudes and political choices in the election of regent/deputy regent in Nagan Raya in 2017. On the other hand, it can also be seen that there is a relationship between candidate/boarding school leaders by making the Pesantren Leaders the winning team for Jadin.
Of course, the patron-client relationship above is based on the candidate's psychological closeness to the leadership of the pesantren and its part, namely the santri. Client patrons show that there is a strong relationship between a person's identification with a character and party choice. Their interactions with the leader influence individuals' decisions to support a particular party. Each leader has its own social and political constituencies based on their respective orientations. In this context, santri relations are institutionalized in several social groups: santri groups in their environment, Indonesian Muslim groups, or in other words. They form the "Islamic world" (Arina Rohmatul Hidayah, 2021). This means that students who use their voting rights are due to loyalty to the leadership of the pesantren or dayah.

CONCLUSION
Students' political attitudes and actions in the 2017 Regional Head Election in Nagan Raya Regency were determined by the orientation of political candidates, of course, very much influenced by the political choices of the pesantren leaders. The influence of the leadership of the pesantren is due to the high loyalty of the santri to the Teungku/Tgk/Kyai, so that the attitudes and political choices of the santri fully follow the choice of the leadership of the pesantren. One of the factors behind the Jadin Pair's victory in the 2017 Regional Head Election in Nagan Raya was the participation of the pesantren leadership as part of the candidate winning team, with the pesantren working area they lead as the basis for voting. The interest of the candidate pair in embracing the pesantren and making the santri as a voice base is certainly very beneficial for the candidate because the loyalty of the santri to the leader of the pesantren or the dayah is very high..