Motif Politik Rencana Pemekaran Daerah Otonomi Baru di Tanah Papua Political Motives for the Plan for the Expansion of New Autonomous Regions in Papua

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang motif politik rencana pemekaran daerah otonomi baru di tanah Papua. Sebab, pemekaran daerah otonomi baru tidak selamanya murni untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat, melainkan sangat lekat dengan kepentingan politik, yakni kekuasaan dan jabatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui media bereputasi dan dokumen berupa jurnal. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pemilahan data guna membentuk suatu kerangka yang sistematis. Untuk menganalisis data penelitian digunakan Nvivo plus 12. Dari analisis tersebut kemudian dideskripsikan dan ditarik suatu ABSTRACT This study examines the political motives of the plan to expand the new autonomous region in Papua. This is because the expansion of new autonomous areas is not always purely for the welfare of the people but is very closely related to political interests, namely power, and position. This study used qualitative research methods. The data used in the form of secondary data was obtained through reputable media and documents in journals. Next, the data is sorted to form a systematic framework. To analyze the research data, Nvivo plus 12 was used. From the analysis, it was described, and a conclusion was drawn. The study results indicate that the political motives for the plan to expand the new autonomous region in Papua are very material-intensive, namely the interests of the political elite, both central and local, to obtain rewards, position, and power. There is a narrative in the ideological incentive motive that regional expansion is for the public interest, namely providing services, developing infrastructure, increasing human resources, and alleviating poverty. However, in reality, some of the ongoing divisions in Papua have not yet impacted the Papuan people.


INTRODUCTION
The implementation of the Indonesian government system has undergone several changes. From the old order, the new order, to reforms with different styles of government. In the era of the old order and the new order, policymaking was top-down, where the central government had a central role in the implementation of government. However, the 1998 reform era led to a more democratic government, namely bottom-up policymaking. Thus, the government and local elites can play a role in influencing policy. Thus, the dynamics of local politics focus a lot of attention from various parties, especially regarding regional head elections and regional expansion (Agustino, 2020). Starting from the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999, it was changed to Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government, giving local governments the freedom to regulate their affairs or known as regional autonomy.
Nevertheless, the implementation of regional autonomy cannot be separated from the relationship between the center and the regions. The authority possessed by the regions is a gift from the central government, and the President is the holder of the highest power as head of government. The objectives of regional autonomy include: as a political goal where regional autonomy is carried out to distribute power to the regional level, build regional communities, and maintain the national government's stability. An economic goal is to provide quality services to the community (R. Siti Zuhro, 2015 With the concept of decentralization through regional autonomy, it is possible to create new autonomous regions (DOB). The importance of new autonomous regions is carried out to bring public services closer, overcome development inequality, and realize regional representative politics. Also, to absorb the central budget sourced from the APPBN, in this case, the General Fund Allocation (DAU) and the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) (Qodir & Sulaksono, 2012).
Regional expansion is believed to have a positive impact on the community through regional development and development. However, the expansion of new autonomous regions does not always run normally. The reason is, new conflicts between regions accompany the expansion of new autonomous regions. If the area is wider, the possibility of spatial conflicts due to population and territorial boundaries is getting bigger. Regional conflicts resulting from new autonomous regions have economic, political, and sociocultural impacts (Muksin & Robo, 2021). Thus, the expansion plan must be accompanied by consideration of conflicts because it does not require the possibility. The regional expansion will become a source of conflict, especially spatial conflicts. If regional expansion is carried out, the number of sea and land boundaries between regions will increase. This is what will trigger interregional spatial conflicts (Harmantyo, 2010).
On the other hand, the regional expansion policy did not run optimally because political interests heavily dominated it (Muqoyyidin, 2013). The distribution of power in the local sphere opens up a new competition space for political actors to gain power. Politics at the local post-reformation level, with decentralization, has encouraged the birth of the practice of political dynasties.
Political elites with social, economic, political, and socio-cultural capital tend to control power at the local level (Muksin, Purwaningsih, & Nurmandi, 2019).
In the central and regional contexts, expansion is an attempt by local political POLITICON VOL.3  On the other hand, it widens the conflict between residents in fighting over the remnants of power from the elites. Borrowing the language of I Ngurah Suryawan's (2020) expansion is an elite strategy to steal power. As in the previous research above, regional divisions gave birth to political dynasties, political struggles and power sharing, and spatial conflicts between regions. However, ideally, regional expansion is to improve the community's welfare through regional development and development. Therefore, this study does not look at the impact of expansion but examines the motives or reasons research that the author described in the background above. Thus, this study will examine the political motives of the new autonomous region expansion plan in Papua.
This research uses qualitative research methods. According to John W.
Creswell (2013), qualitative research is a method used to explore or understand individuals or groups that are ascribed to a social problem.
Furthermore, to examine political motives in this study, a case study strategy is used to investigate an event carefully. The data used in the form of secondary data was obtained through reputable media and documents in journals. Next, the data is sorted to form a systematic framework. To analyze the research data, Nvivo 12 plus was used. From this analysis, it is described, and a conclusion is drawn.

Political Dynamics of New DOB Expansion Plan
Political dynamics in Papua are very dynamic, especially with the granting of special autonomy. This opens up a contested space for local elites to compete for power and political office. On the other hand, it opens up investment space for entrepreneurs to reap maximum profits. Local elites use identity politics and cultural approaches to gain public support in political contestation and regional expansion. However, in many cases, the local Papuan political elite uses identity and cultural politics not for the public interest but the interests of groups and individuals. In the end, special autonomy, election contestation, and regional expansion only fulfill the interests of the Papuan elite to control economic and political resources built based on tribal and clan networks (Suryawan, 2011).
The dynamics of identity politics and culture in Papua are still ongoing today.
The contestation for regional elections and regional expansion is full of political interests, thus triggering conflicts between elites and elites and elites POLITICON VOL.3 (Brata, 2016).
For this reason, the plan for the expansion of new autonomous regions in Papua cannot be seen as an aspiration of the people but is closely related to political interests. Political elites, both central and local, continue to push for expansion in Papua by promising prosperity. That is by looking at the vast territory of Papua and bringing services closer to the community. However, in reality, the expansion only brought fresh air in the form of social and economic benefits for the elites, then the community's interests were neglected. On the other hand, it widens the conflict between residents in fighting over the remnants of power from the elites. This is very contrary to the spirit of regional autonomy, namely improving the community's welfare at the local level. It is very unlikely that poverty and unemployment can be eliminated if limited resources are only managed from an elite group and the elite's benefit.

Political Motives for the New New Guinea Expansion Plan
In the history of decentralization that gave birth to autonomy, there was a tug-of-war between the interests of the center and the regions. Where the central government loses control over the regions, decentralization is often a source of problems. Even decentralization is also a concept that is not final because the background of its birth is filled with social turmoil that exists in society. For example, the birth of decentralization was caused by public anger against the Suharto regime through the 1998 reforms, then the concept of decentralization was stated in Law No. 22 of 1999(Pratikno, 2003. The implementation of regional autonomy is still a polemic in implementing the government. This is because the regional response to the authority given by the central government to regional governments is very to carry out a referendum to determine their destiny or form their state. This condition makes granting regional autonomy as wide as possible a middle way to resolve regional polemics. On the other hand, in maintaining the integrity of the nation, the approach to justice and community welfare should be a top priority and provide a sense of security by not spreading fear in the regions by pointing guns at the heads of residents. This is the homework that the central government must complete to formulate a political format that can facilitate the desires and hopes of the regions within the framework of a unitary state (Cornelys Lay, 2003).
With the concept of decentralization through regional autonomy, it is possible to create new autonomous regions (DOB). The importance of new autonomous regions is carried out to bring public services closer, overcome development inequality, and realize regional representative politics. Also, to absorb the central budget sourced from the APBN, in this case, the General Fund Allocation (DAU) and the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) (Qodir & Sulaksono, 2012). Regional expansion is believed to have a positive impact on the community through regional development and development. However, in reality, regional expansion has not had a good impact on the community. The regional expansion policy did not run optimally because it was dominated by political interests (Muqoyyidin, 2013). The distribution of power in the local sphere opens up a new competition space for political actors to gain power. In the central and regional contexts, expansion is an attempt by local political elites to seize power in the central government so that the impression of expansion is only an arena of struggle and power-sharing (Riwanto Tirtosudarmo, 2007).   Thus, the political motive of the development plan is dominated by material incentive motives, namely the interests of the central elite and local elites.
From the aspect of the solidarity incentive motive, it does not influence the plan to expand new autonomous regions in Papua. Thus, regional expansion to provide better public services, increase participation, and build harmony between the community and the bureaucracy is just a sweet promise that is often given to the community. The interests of local authorities have controlled the expansion, which is part of local democracy, or regional expansion has given birth to local strongmen who control the area (Agustino, 2020).

Actor Engagement
The expansion of regions started since the Old Order, where the expansion was carried out more outside Java, namely the expansion of Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan because they are considered to have broad geographical conditions. Even so, during the New Order era, there was also a process of expansion, but in a limited number. The expansion that occurred during the Old Order and New Order was top-down in the sense that it was the absolute right of the central government to become the actor of expansion.
Meanwhile, during the reformation period, regional expansion was rife because the policy for regional expansion was bottom-up, influenced by the political process. Thus, the central government is not the only political actor of division, but various parties can play a role or become actors in the regional expansion (Nunik Retno Herawati, 2011 of new autonomous regions as happened in the formation of South Garut (Diki Suherman et al., 2021). For this reason, the plan for the expansion of new autonomous regions in Papua also involves many actors, as shown in Figure 2:   Figure 3:  regional expansion must be based on the welfare of the community rather than the interests of the elite as a group or individual (Evana & Tarmizi, 2019). The expansion only brought fresh air in the form of social and economic benefits for the elites, then the community's interests were neglected. The new autonomous regions also widen conflicts between residents in fighting over the remnants of power from the elites, and expansion is a ploy by the elite to steal power.

CONCLUSION
The plan for expanding new autonomous regions in Papua is full of material-intensive motives, namely the interests of political elites, both central and regional, to gain rewards, position, and power. There is a narrative in the ideological incentive motive that regional expansion is for the public interest, namely providing services, developing infrastructure, increasing human resources, and alleviating poverty. However, in reality, several new autonomous regions in Papua have not impacted the Papuan people. Thus, the expansion of new autonomous regions in the context of Papua is not the right policy because the regional expansion has not yet reached the substance target, namely community welfare. Thus, regional expansion should be focused on the welfare of the community rather than the interests of the elite as a group or individual. There are a number of actors involved in the plan to expand the new autonomous regions, namely local elites, central elites, the National Police, TNI, traditional leaders, and religious leaders. In contrast, civil society at large is not involved at all.