Political Strategy of Islamophobia in Indonesia: From the Old Order to the Reform Era
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/politicon.v7i1.41296Keywords:
Islamophobia, Indonesia, Regime Political, New OrderAbstract
This study aims to uncover the models and forms of Islamophobia practised by the political regime in power in Indonesia. This study also analyses why the government in power in Indonesia makes policies and takes actions that lead to Islamophobia. This article uses qualitative explanatory methods. The data sources come from in-depth interviews with various informants and data is also collected through a literature study by exploring relevant data from various sources that can be accessed online, including books, journals, websites, and news portals. This study found that the political motives and strategies of the ruling regime in making policies and taking actions were based on Islamophobia, namely by diminishing the political power of Islam in Indonesia and eliminating its influence, which could disrupt the continuity of the ruling regime, which is controlled by nationalist groups. That way, the government can maintain power and carry out its agendas.
References
Abbas, T. (2004). After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21 (3), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v21i3.506
Abdelhadi, E. (2019). The Hijab and Muslim women’s employment in the United States. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 61 (February), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2019.01.006
Ahyar, M., & Alfitri. (2019). Aksi bela islam: Islamic clicktivism and the new authority of religious propaganda in the millennial age Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 9(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v9i1
Akmaliah, W. (2014). Breaking The Silence: Articulating The Memories Of The Tanjung Priok Victims. JISSH, 1, 1–10.
Akmaliah, W. (2016). Indonesian Muslim killings: Revisiting the forgotten Talang Sari tragedy (1989) and its impact in post authoritarian regime. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 6(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v6i1.1-34
Akmaliah, W. (2019). Kebenaran yang Terbelah: Populisme Islam dan Disinformasi Politik Elektoral. MAARIF Journal, 14(1), 129–149.
Amalia, A., & Haris, A. (2019). Wacana islamophobia di media massa. Medium, 7(1), 71–81.
Anwar, E. (2009). Deradicalization or counter radicalisation programs, therefore are urged to be implemented for safe and security of life in the world. ASIANetwork Exchange, XVI(2), 53–67.
Aslan, A. (2018). The politics of Islamophobia in Turkey. In E. Bayraklı & F. Hafez (Eds.), Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies (1st Editio, pp. 71–92). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429464850-6
Aspinall, E., & Fealy, G. (2010). Soeharto’s New Order and its Legacy: Essays in honour of Harold Crouc. In ASIAN STUDIES SERIES MONOGRAPH (2nd ed.). The Australian National University Press. https://doi.org/10.26530/oapen_459541
Awan, I., Blakemore, B., & Simpson, K. (2013). Muslim communities attitudes towards and recruitment into the British police service. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 41(4), 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2013.08.004
Aziz, A. (2016). Menangkal Islamofobia Melalui Re-Interpretasi Al-Qur’an. Al-A`raf, Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Dan Filsafat, 13(1).
Bbc.com. (2017). Dengan 212, umat Islam ingin berkuasa lewat pilkada, pemilu dan pilpres.
Bbc.com. (2018). Rektor UIN: Larangan bercadar untuk cegah radikalisme, fundamentalisme.
Bbc.com. (2019). DPR kritik larangan cadar dan celana cingkrang, Menag: Jangan bilang tidak ada radikalisme, tapi bukan sesuatu yang wah.
Burhanuddin, N., Nurdin, A. A., & Helmy, M. I. (2019). Religious conflict and regional autonomy in church establishment and Islamic clothing in West Pasaman and Dharmasraya West Sumatera. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 9(2), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V9I2.189-216
CNN Indonesia.com. (2017). Polisi Deteksi Gelagat Tindak Anarki di Aksi 212.
Crouch, H. (1988). Military-civilian relations in indonesia in the late soeharto era. Pacific Review, 1(4), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748808718785
Damanik, K. I., Lubis, E., Siregar, T. R., Nilasari, I., Khairuddin, A., Mufti, N., Siswoyo, G., & Ningsih, S. (2012). Otonomi Daerah, Etnonasionalisme, dan Masa Depan Indonesia: Berapa Persen Lagi Tanah dan Air Nusantara Milik Rakyat (B. A. Simanjuntak (ed.)). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
DasGupta, D., & Dasgupta, R. K. (2018). Being out of place: Non-belonging and queer racialization in the U.K. Emotion, Space and Society, 27(September 2017), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2018.02.008
Dzuhayatin, S. R. (2020). Islamism and nationalism among niqabis women in Egypt and Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 10(1), 49–77. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v10i1.49-77
Ekman, M. (2015). Online Islamophobia and the politics of fear: manufacturing the green scare. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1021264
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. The Free Press A Division of Macmillan, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781912282135
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Why national identity matters. Journal of Democracy, 29(4), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0058
Gambetta, D., & Hertog, S. (2016). Engineers of Jihad: The Curious Connection between Violent Extremism and Education. Princeton University Press.
Halliday, F. (1999). “Islamophobia†reconsidered. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(5), 892–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329305
Hancock, C., & Mobillion, V. (2019). “I want to tell them, I’m just wearing a veil, not carrying a gun!†Muslim women negotiating borders in femonationalist Paris. Political Geography, 69(June 2018), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.11.007
Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22–49. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/48950/samuel-p-huntington/the-clash-of-civilizations
Istriyani, R., & Yuliatun. (2016). Media: Causes and Strategies To Overcome Islamophobia (Psychological and Sociological Study). QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 4(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v4i2.1759
Kamil, S. (2013). Islam dan Politik di Indonesia Terkini. PSIA UIN Jakarta.
Kamsi, K. (2013). Citra Gerakan Politik Islam dalam Lintasan Sejarah Perpolitikan Bangsa Indonesia (Studi Era Pra Kemerdekan sampai dengan Era Orde Baru). Millah. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol12.iss3.art6
Kompas.com. (2017). HTI Resmi Dibubarkan Pemerintah.
Kumparan.com. (2019a). Kronologi Penolakan Ustaz Hanan Attaki di Tegal oleh GP Ansor.
Kumparan.com. (2019b). Pembubaran Pengajian Ustaz Firanda di Aceh, Ini Penjelasan Panitia.
Kumparan.com. (2020). Tanggapan Ustaz Bachtiar Nasir soal Pengajiannya yang Ditolak Massa di Malang.
Kuntowijoyo. (1985). Dinamika Sejarah Umat Islam Indonesia. Shalahuddin Pres.
Lane, M. (2009). Indonesian Protests Against Suharto Dictatorship. The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0754
Lukens-Bull, R. A. (2004). Jihad ala pesantren di mata antropolog Amerika. Gama Media.
Martin, J. L., & Smith, J. (2020). Why we march! Feminist activism in critical times: Lessons from the women’s march on Washington. Women’s Studies International Forum, 81(January), 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102375
Maula, B. S. (2019). Post-Islamisme Dan Gerakan Politik Islam Dalam Sistem Demokrasi Indonesia. Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Perundangan Islaman Perundangan Islam, 9(1), 91–116.
Midden, E., & Ponzanesi, S. (2013). Digital faiths: AN analysis of the online practices of Muslim women in the Netherlands. Women’s Studies International Forum, 41, 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.07.012
Moordiningsih. (2004). Islamophobia dan Strategi Mengatasinya. Buletin Psikologi, 12(2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.22146/bpsi.7470
Mubarak, M. Z. (2015). Dari NII Ke ISIS: Transformasi Ideologi dan Gerakan dalam Islam Radikal di Indonesia Kontemporer. Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman, 10(1), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.21274/epis.2015.10.1.77-98
Mujani, S., & Liddle, R. W. (2010). Indonesia: Personalities, Parties, and Voters parties and voters. Journal of Democracy, 21(2), 35–49.
Mustafidah, Z. (2016). Gerakan Mahasiswa Dan Kebijakan Nkk/Bkk Tahun 1978 – 1983. Avatara E-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah, 4(1), 99–106.
Okezone.com. (2018). GP Ansor Tolak Ustadz Abdul Somad Ceramah di Jepara.
Poesponegoro, M. D., & Notosusanto, N. (2010). Sejarah Nasional Indonesia VI. Bayumedia Publishing.
Qodir, Z. (2018). Kaum Muda, Intoleransi, dan Radikalisme Agama. Jurnal Studi Pemuda, 5(1), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.22146/studipemudaugm.37127
Rahayu, L. M. (2016). jilbab: Budaya POP dan Identitas Muslim di Indonesia. Ibda’ Jurnal Kebudayaan Islam, 14(1), 139–155.
Republika.co.id. (2017). Mahfud MD Sayangkan Insiden Khalid Basalamah.
Republika.co.id. (2018). Larangan Bercadar Itu Justru Datang dari Kampus Islam.
Republika.co.id. (2019). Kemenag Positif Hapus Khilafah dan Perang dari Kurikulum.
Sanjaya, A. R. (2018). Petisi Indonesia untuk Dunia: Potret Globalisasi Gerakan Sosial Digital. Jurnal Komunikasi, 10(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.24912/jk.v10i1.520
Sen, A. (2005). Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny. In Cambridge. Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/20031978
Siregar, I. F. (2011). Dinamika Demokrasi di Indonesia Masa Orde Lama: Studi Kasus Antara Sukarno Versus Masyumi Islamphobia Era Orde Baru. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 21(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v21i1.1026
Sriram, S. K. (2016). A Foucauldian Theory of American Islamophobia. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 10(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.10.2016.005
Strabac, Z., & Listhaug, O. (2008). Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A multilevel analysis of survey data from 30 countries. Social Science Research, 37(1), 268–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.02.004
Suciati, & Erzad, A. M. (2018). The existence of Kudus Islamic local culture to prevent radicalism in globalization era. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 6(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v1i1.3460
Suh, J. (2016). The Suharto case. Asian Journal of Social Science, 44(1–2), 214–245. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04401009
Sukamto, A. (2013). Ketegangan Antar Kelompok Agama pada Masa Orde Lama sampai Awal Orde Baru: Dari Konflik Perumusan Ideologi Negara Sampai Konflik Fisik. Jurnal Teologi Indonesia, 1(1), 25–47. 10.46567/ijt.v1i1.90
Sulistiyanto, P. (2001). Whither aceh? Third World Quarterly, 22(3), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590120061697
Sunesti, Y., Hasan, N., & Azca, M. N. (2018). Young Salafi-niqabi and hijrah: Agency and identity negotiation. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 8(2), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v8i2.173-197
Tahir, H., Kunst, J. R., & Sam, D. L. (2019). Threat, Anti-Western Hostility and Violence among European Muslims: The Mediating Role of Acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 73 (May), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.08.001
Tempo.co. (2017). Kronologi Pembubaran Ceramah Felix Siauw di Bangil Versi Ansor.
Tirto.id. (2018). Daftar Nama 200 Mubalig yang Dirilis Kemenag.
Wright, B. R. E., Wallace, M., Bailey, J., & Hyde, A. (2013). Religious affiliation and hiring discrimination in New England: A field experiment. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 34, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.10.002
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Hidayaturrahman, Doli Witro, Sudarman Sudarman, Ahmad Hasan Ubaid, Raid Alghani

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).