Socio Politica : Jurnal Ilmiah Jurusan Sosiologi
Socio Politica : Jurnal Ilmiah Jurusan Sosiologi (e-ISSN: 2654-7694 p-ISSN: 2302-1888) is an open-access journal and peer-reviewed scientific works both theoretically and practically in the studies of social science. The journal's audience is educated readers and researchers from universities and higher education institutions, policymakers, administrators, and other interested parties. The Socio Politica : Jurnal Ilmiah Jurusan Sosiologi has been published two times a year since 2012 by the Department of Sociology Faculty of Social Science and Politics UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Jaklitera as a fulfillment of public information needs in online lending services
This study explores the role of Jaklitera, a digital library application developed by the Jakarta Provincial Government, in fulfilling the informational needs of urban citizens through online borrowing services. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach supported by narrative observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review, the research investigates how Jaklitera adapts its system design, content provision, and user interface to the expectations of diverse library users. The findings show that Jaklitera not only enhances access to e-books, e-journals, and digital documents but also acts as a catalyst for building a responsive digital literacy ecosystem. However, several challenges remain, including gaps in user satisfaction, limited personalization, digital inequality, lack of interoperability across institutions, and the absence of formal operational standards. The study reveals that the effectiveness of Jaklitera lies in its ability to align technological features with human behavior, social inclusion, and evolving information needs. Theoretical insights drawn from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Information-Seeking Behavior, and Public Value Theory frame Jaklitera as a public digital space that blends infrastructure with civic engagement. This research contributes to the discourse on library digital transformation by proposing a framework for developing user-centered, adaptive, and socially impactful digital library systems in Indonesia and beyond. Contribution: This study offers actionable recommendations and a conceptual framework for the future development of digital libraries, contributing both to academic literature and practical policy-making in the field of digital information services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farah Amaranti, Edwin Rizal, Rully Khairul Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and relationship quality among APJII ISP employees in Cilegon
This study examines how Work-to-Family Conflict and Family-to-Work Conflict affect High Quality Relationships among employees of APJII-affiliated Internet Service Providers in Cilegon, with Job Satisfaction as a mediator. Using questionnaires from 150 respondents and SEM analysis, results show both types of conflict are perceived as low, while Job Satisfaction and High Quality Relationships are rated positively. Work-to-Family Conflict negatively impacts both Job Satisfaction and High Quality Relationships, with Job Satisfaction fully mediating this relationship. Family-to-Work Conflict does not significantly affect Job Satisfaction or High Quality Relationships. The findings highlight the need for supportive work policies to enhance job satisfaction and workplace relationships, and suggest expanding future research to include broader variables and contexts. Contribution: The findings provide valuable insights for managers to develop supportive work policies that foster job satisfaction and strong interpersonal relationships, and offer a foundation for future research to explore these dynamics across broader contexts and variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nida Nayla Rahma, Netania Emilisa, Ana Rosalinda, Gavrila Indra Saputra, Muhammad Syarifin Hannan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Review of Siyasah Dusturiyah against smuggling of goods based on Regulation of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise Number P-53/Bc/2010 in the City of Bandung
This study aims to critically examine the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts against illegal goods smuggling conducted by the Directorate General of Customs and Excise in Bandung City, based on Regulation No. P-53/BC/2010, through the normative lens of Siyasah Dusturiyah in Islamic political theory. Employing a qualitative juridical-empirical method, this research integrates doctrinal legal analysis with field data obtained through interviews, document studies, and observations. The findings reveal persistent structural and operational challenges, including limited technological surveillance, insufficient human resources, weak inter-agency coordination, and low public legal awareness. These issues have contributed to the continued rise in smuggling activities, indicating gaps in the current enforcement framework. From the perspective of Siyasah Dusturiyah, smuggling is not merely a violation of state law but a transgression against public welfare (maslahah ‘ammah), undermining economic justice and societal harmony. The study concludes that an integrated enforcement strategy—combining preventive, repressive, and rehabilitative approaches—is essential to address the root causes of smuggling. Furthermore, the research contributes theoretically by reinforcing Siyasah Dusturiyah as a moral and legal framework for customs governance, and practically by advocating for a participatory and ethically grounded legal culture. This holistic model is vital for developing an accountable, just, and spiritually conscious enforcement system in the face of transnational economic threats. Contribution: By situating smuggling as not only a legal violation but also a breach of public welfare and economic justice from an Islamic political perspective, the research advances the discourse on integrating moral and spiritual values into state governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moh Aziz Gojali, Yana Sutiana, Budi Tresnayadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Religion as a source of legitimacy of power and its influence on the distribution of welfare
This study aims to analyze how religion is utilized as a source of legitimacy for power and its impact on the distribution of welfare. Religion serves as both a moral and political instrument that can either enhance or hinder social justice. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method and a literature review to examine relevant theories and empirical cases. The findings reveal that religion plays a dual role in governance and welfare policies. On one hand, it is employed by political authorities to legitimize power, shaping policies that reinforce social structures. On the other hand, religious organizations actively contribute to welfare distribution through philanthropy and social services. However, the allocation of welfare resources based on religious identity often leads to exclusivity, deepening socio-economic disparities. The study concludes that while religion holds transformative potential in promoting social justice, its role in governance must be managed inclusively to prevent reinforcing inequalities. Therefore, a collaborative approach between the state, religious institutions, and civil society is necessary to ensure that religion’s role in legitimizing power contributes positively to equitable welfare distribution. Contribution: By advocating for collaborative efforts among the state, religious institutions, and civil society, this research provides a valuable framework for promoting equitable welfare distribution and mitigating socio-economic disparities linked to religious identity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gerry Ismail Anrivika, Muhammad Roflee Waehama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Christianity and social development theory
This study explores the role of Christianity in social development by examining its foundational values of love, social justice, and service to others. Employing a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, this research analyzes various sources, including policy documents, Christian theological texts, and case studies from different countries. The findings reveal that the Church plays a significant role in social development through education, healthcare, and economic empowerment, while also contributing to social reconciliation, particularly in conflict resolution and addressing social disparities. This study highlights how Christian values can serve as a basis for inclusive and sustainable social policies, despite challenges in implementation, such as cultural resistance and resource constraints. The study concludes that fostering collaboration among religious institutions, policymakers, and civil society is essential to optimizing the role of religion in promoting a more just and harmonious society. Contribution: This research bridges theoretical perspectives with practical examples, offering valuable guidance for leveraging religious values in the pursuit of social progress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sonny Hermawan, Carol Abiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Representation of teacher communication in the live-action film Assassination Classroom
This study aims to analyze the representation of teacher-student communication in the live-action film Assassination Classroom (2015) using Roland Barthes’ semiotic theory. The research focuses on identifying the denotative, connotative, and mythological meanings constructed through the character of Koro-sensei, who embodies the figure of an ideal teacher. Employing a qualitative method under the constructivist paradigm, the study collects and interprets data from ten key scenes in the film. The findings reveal that Koro-sensei is denotatively portrayed as a non-conventional teacher who engages and empowers marginalized students; connotatively, he represents sacrifice, transformation, and critical engagement with the educational system; mythologically, he reinforces and simultaneously challenges the dominant cultural belief of the teacher as a “hero without reward.” The study concludes that the film blends fantasy and social critique to deliver moral and pedagogical commentary on modern education. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in its advancement of semiotic analysis as a tool for understanding media representations of educators, while its practical relevance highlights the role of film in shaping public perceptions of teaching and educational values. The study encourages further cross-media exploration of teacher myths in global cultural and educational discourse. Contribution: The study bridges theoretical analysis with practical implications, offering a robust model for understanding and critiquing the representation of teachers in contemporary media.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mhd. Luthfi Haadiyan, Firmansyah Firmansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of constitutional court decision number 62/PUU XXII/2024 concerning the elimination of the minimum threshold for presidential nominations from a siyasah qadaiyyah perspective
This study examines Constitutional Court Decision Number 62/PUU-XXII/2024, which annulled the presidential candidacy threshold in Article 222 of Law No. 7/2017 for violating principles of morality, rationality, and justice. Using a normative juridical approach and the siyasah qadaiyyah (Islamic judicial political theory) perspective—alongside Rousseau’s concept of popular sovereignty—this research analyzes the decision’s legal reasoning and its impacts on Indonesia’s constitutional system, governance, and institutional balance. The findings show that removing the threshold enhances democratic participation but may also lead to political instability and institutional imbalances. The study recommends strengthening deliberation, oversight, and justice in political processes, guided by the siyasah qadaiyyah approach, to achieve a just and stable constitutional order. Contribution: This research not only enriches academic understanding but also provides guidance for policymakers working to ensure that Indonesia’s constitutional evolution upholds both justice and stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 M Ramdan Munawar, Beni Ahmad Saebani, Ridwan Eko Prasetyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sociology of da'wah in the era of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0: Implications for contemporary da'wah in Indonesia
The development of information technology in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0 has transformed the landscape of Islamic da'wah in Indonesia. Da'wah is no longer confined to physical spaces such as mosques and religious study groups but has expanded into digital platforms through social media, podcasts, and other online channels. This article aims to analyze the transformation of da'wah in the context of social change due to digitalization and its implications for contemporary da'wah strategies in Indonesia. The study adopts a qualitative approach using literature review and descriptive-critical analysis of da'wah sociology theories such as Symbolic Interactionism, Diffusion of Innovations, Social Mediation, and Bourdieu's theory of Habitus and Social Capital. The findings show that digital da'wah in Indonesia faces challenges such as the spread of religious misinformation, digital extremism, and low levels of digital literacy among the public. On the other hand, technological advancements offer wider, more inclusive, and data-driven opportunities for da'wah. Within the framework of Society 5.0, da'wah must be oriented toward humanistic and contextual social solutions. Therefore, a sociological approach to da'wah is crucial to ensure that Islamic messages remain relevant and capable of addressing the challenges of the times. In conclusion, da'wah in the digital era must strategically and adaptively integrate technology, culture, and social understanding. Contribution: This article advances academic and practical understanding of how digital technologies are reshaping religious communication, positioning sociological analysis as crucial to developing effective and future-ready da'wah strategies in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Efendi Rahmat, Yusuf Zainal Abidin, Zaenal Mukarom, Asep Iwan Setiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Agricultural mantra culture in the study of the Melak Pare Manuscript
This study aims to explore the physical structure and content of the Melak Pare manuscript, which documents the agrarian traditions of the Sundanese people within the framework of local and Islamic spirituality. Employing a historical methodology that includes heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography, the data were gathered through literature reviews and field research on the original manuscript housed in the Sri Baduga Museum, Bandung. The findings reveal that the manuscript is written in Arabic Pegon script on fragile European paper now preserved with Japanese tissue. The content consists of agricultural mantras and prayers structured around stages of rice farming rituals—from hoeing and seed sowing to planting, maintenance, and harvesting. The inclusion of istighfar, shalawat, and invocations of Dewi Sri (Nyimas Puhaci Sangiyang Sri) demonstrates cultural assimilation between Islam and local beliefs. Symbolic references to cardinal directions, bodily movements, and ritual timing reflect a rich Sundanese agrarian cosmology imbued with spiritual significance. This research contributes to the preservation of local philological heritage, revitalization of agro-spiritual values, and advancement of interdisciplinary approaches to traditional manuscript studies. Contribution: This study contributes to the preservation of local philological heritage by documenting the physical and textual features of the Melak Pare manuscript, revitalizes agro-spiritual values by highlighting the integration of Sundanese agrarian traditions with Islamic spirituality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usman Supendi, Solehudin Solehudin, Eva Sopiah, Syifa Nuraidah, M Fikri Arsyad, Dandie Hambaliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legacy and transformation: The enduring socioeconomic impact of Colonial railway infrastructure in contemporary Bogor
This study aims to historically examine the construction of the Bogor–Jakarta railway line during the Dutch colonial period between 1900 and 1930 and its impact on the socio-economic transformation of the local community. Utilizing a historical methodology encompassing heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, the research draws on secondary literature and colonial archival records as its primary sources. The findings reveal that the railway's development was driven not only by economic interests in plantation logistics but also by military and administrative objectives to exert control over colonial territories. The railway functioned as a critical infrastructure for commodity export while also enhancing territorial connectivity, yet it simultaneously reinforced social disparities between the colonial elites and the indigenous population. The analysis demonstrates that, although the railway system improved the efficiency of people and goods mobility, it also operated as a tool of exclusion, discrimination, and centralized control. It accelerated regional economic growth but marginalized local participation in the developmental process. The study concludes that colonial infrastructure, such as the Bogor–Jakarta railway, represents an ambivalent legacy: it facilitated modernization while perpetuating inequality. This research contributes an interdisciplinary perspective that combines historical analysis with local economic development insights, offering a comprehensive understanding of how colonial transportation systems continue to influence mobility patterns and economic structures in the present day. It also provides a reflective basis for formulating transportation policies that are inclusive and historically informed. Contribution: By combining historical methodology with local economic development insights, the study offers a nuanced understanding of how colonial transportation infrastructure shaped socio-economic transformations and mobility patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 M Kautsar Thariq Syah, Putri Lailatus Sa'adah, Yan Nurcahya, Sopian Suprianto, Dedi Sufriadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Utilization of gadgets in interactive books based on Augmented Reality (AR) as a medium for the formation of noble morals in elementary school students
The use of Augmented Reality (AR)-based interactive books is currently highly necessary, especially in the field of education. This is because books presented in AR format offer a more interactive, engaging, and effective way of learning for students. This study aims to analyze the skills of elementary school students in understanding the content of materials presented in AR-based interactive books, assess their validity and reliability, and evaluate the expert feasibility of the AR-based interactive book. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The sample consisted of 20 elementary school students from a school in West Bandung Regency. The results of the study indicate that, overall, the AR-based interactive book developed is feasible for use. This conclusion is based on observation results, validity and reliability tests, and expert feasibility assessments. The material presented in this study, which is packaged in an AR-based interactive book, is still limited to the topic of the traits of prophets. Therefore, further development is needed to include a wider variety of topics. In addition, the AR packaging in this study is still limited to digitalizing the book and adding audio features via barcode scanning. Contribution: This article offers empirical evidence that AR integration can enhance student engagement and comprehension, particularly in teaching religious traits, while highlighting the potential for expanding AR applications to broader content areas in future research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syifa Friscilla Mulyadi, Sifa Alya Putri, Wita Purnama, Aliyah Amnasriyah, Sopian Muhamad Reza, Muhamad Parhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
From empire to inequality: Lessons from the Mughal collapse for today’s social divides
This study aims to analyze in depth the process of the decline and collapse of the Mughal Dynasty (1526–1857), an important event in the history of South Asia that was influenced by a variety of complex factors, both internal and external. Using historical research methods that include heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, the study relies on primary sources such as Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnama, and Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, as well as secondary literature from relevant modern historians. The results of the study show that the collapse of the Mughal Dynasty was not caused by a single factor, but was an accumulation of various structural problems and geopolitical dynamics. Significant internal factors include the weakening of the jagirdari system, repeated succession crises, corrupt bureaucracy, and weak leadership after Aurangzeb's reign. Meanwhile, external factors included invasions from Persia and Afghanistan, the rise of regional powers such as the Maratha and the Sikhs, and the aggressive expansion of the British East India Company, which gradually eroded Mughal sovereignty. This study concludes that the collapse of empires is the result of adaptive failures in dealing with structural challenges and changes in the regional political-economic landscape. The implications of this study broaden our understanding of the dynamics of imperial power disintegration and the transition to colonialism in India. This paper lies in a holistic and systematic approach that links the collapse of the Mughals with the theory of the fall of empires from the perspective of global historiography. Contribution: By linking the collapse of the Mughal Empire to broader theories on imperial decline and the transition to colonialism, this research broadens the understanding of imperial disintegration and enriches global historiographical perspectives on empire fall.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Utari, Ilham Faisal Hawari, Fuad Badruzzaman, Wawan Hernawan, Ading Kusdiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Inter-religious marriage between Fragrance Law and Maqasid al-Shari’ah
Surah Al-Māidah (5:5) permits Muslim men to marry women from among the People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitāb). However, Article 40 (c) of the Compilation of Islamic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Islam, the Compilation) in Indonesia explicitly prohibits marriage with both polytheist and Ahl al-Kitāb women. In Indonesia’s positive law, interfaith marriage is not explicitly regulated. Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage stipulates in Article 2 (1) that a marriage is valid if it is conducted according to the laws of the respective religions and beliefs of the parties involved. Consequently, interfaith marriages are only considered legally valid if one party converts to the religion of the other. This study aims to analyze interfaith marriage from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh al-munākahāt). It employs a qualitative research method with a descriptive-analytical approach through literature review. The findings indicate that the legal rationale (‘illat al-ḥukm) behind the prohibition of interfaith marriage is based on theological and fundamental religious grounds. The stipulations in the Compilation align with the core objectives of Islamic legal theory (maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah), particularly the objectives of safeguarding religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn) and preserving lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl). Therefore, the transformation of classical Islamic jurisprudence into the Compilation represents an effort to codify and unify Islamic family law within Indonesia’s national legal framework, taking into account the public interest (maṣlaḥah) and the socio-religious context of Indonesian Muslim society. Contribution: This research elucidates the rationale behind the legal prohibitions and demonstrates how the transformation and unification of classical fiqh into Indonesia’s statutory legal framework reflect considerations of public interest and local Muslim societal context. Thus, the study offers valuable insights into the harmonization of religious jurisprudence and state law in a pluralistic society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanhan Somantri, Agus Madriadi, Yusman Frimadi, Dewi Riyanti Rasyidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Complete man, love in truth, and living in diversity, in two ancient Sundanese manuscripts
This study examines the moral and philosophical messages of two ancient Sundanese manuscripts, namely Amanat Galunggung and Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian, then relates them to Unpar's Spirituality and Basic Values ​​known as SINDU. Data were collected using a qualitative research strategy through in-depth interviews and literature studies. Then, they were analyzed based on the theory of intertextuality, namely by examining the messages of each manuscript, comparing them, and seeing the correlation or interdependence between the two. The results of the study show that the two ancient Sundanese manuscripts above are full of humanitarian messages that remain relevant and significant for modern human life. The concept of SINDU, which was born more recently, finds its basis and foundation in the teachings that have long existed in the two ancient manuscripts. This study also reveals the existence of basic human needs for humanitarian values ​​throughout their lives, whether in the past, present, or future. Moral and philosophical values ​​are needed by humans in an effort to make themselves humane and divine. Contribution: It underscores the persistent human need for moral and philosophical guidance across time, enriching both academic understanding and practical applications in promoting humane and divine human development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sophan Ajie, Alfonsus Sutarno, Andreas Doweng Bolo, Yusandi Yusandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Religious pluralism in theoretical perspective: Exploring concepts, relevance, and challenges in Religious Studies
This article critically examines the concept of pluralism within the study of religion, addressing both its theoretical foundations and practical applications across various countries. Religious pluralism is understood as the recognition of religious diversity as a social and theological reality that must be approached with openness, dialogue, and mutual respect. Employing a qualitative approach through literature review, this study analyzes key works by Paul F. Knitter, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, and Alwi Shihab, while also presenting case studies from Indonesia, India, the United States, and Western Europe. The findings reveal that pluralism is not merely a moral ideal but also a necessary framework for promoting peaceful coexistence amid difference. Despite facing challenges such as fundamentalism, discrimination, and identity politics, pluralism remains relevant as a foundation for inclusive and transformative religious studies. The article recommends strengthening interfaith education, supporting diversity-oriented policies, and encouraging religious leaders to foster interreligious dialogue. Contribution: The study offers actionable recommendations aimed at enhancing interfaith education, supporting policies that encourage diversity, and promoting interreligious dialogue, thereby enriching both academic discourse and practical efforts toward inclusive and transformative religious engagement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nida Husna Abdul Malik, Yeni Huriani, Roro Sri Rejeki Waluyajati, Kustana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sharia Law construction regarding early name change of Ijarah object: A case study of Wakalah in Sharia banking practice
This article critically examines the issue of premature ownership transfer (early name change) in Ijarah Muntahiya Bittamlik (IMBT) contracts within Indonesian Islamic banking, focusing on both sharia and national legal perspectives. Premature transfer is understood as the transfer of ownership before the lease period ends, which raises concerns of legal certainty, potential tadlīs (disguised contract), and elements of gharar (uncertainty). Using a qualitative juridical-empirical approach, this study analyzes DSN-MUI fatwas, national legal regulations, and operational practices of Islamic banks. The findings reveal that premature ownership transfer contradicts both sharia principles and positive law, as it undermines fiduciary guarantees and weakens consumer protection. The main challenge identified is the persistence of such practices in the field due to administrative efficiency, often at the expense of normative compliance. As an alternative, the study recommends the implementation of the wakalah scheme, whereby dealers authorize banks to process ownership transfer only after all lessee obligations have been fulfilled, thus ensuring both compliance and efficiency. Contribution: This study contributes to the development of Islamic economic law by integrating classical fiqh, national regulations, and contemporary practices, while also offering practical recommendations for the Islamic banking industry to strengthen legal certainty, consumer protection, and global competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farid Madani, Oyo Sunaryo Mukhlas, Aulia Nurhikmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Interpreting Philippians 4:5 in the efforts to strengthen the moderate attitude of the Christians in Indonesia
This study aims to analyze the contribution of Philippians 4:5 in strengthening religious moderation among Indonesian Christians, particularly in addressing intolerance, radicalization, and social tension within a pluralistic society. Employing a qualitative method and hermeneutical approach, the research explores the theological significance of the term epieikēs in Pauline theology and its relation to the principles of religious moderation in public policy and education. The findings reveal that epieikēs is not merely an individual virtue but a public and intersubjective ethical principle that can serve as a foundation for harmonious interfaith relations. This study affirms that integrating religious moderation values derived from Philippians 4:5 into government policy, religious education, and interfaith praxis can enhance social cohesion and enrich Christian public theology with socially relevant insights. The study contributes to the discourse on public theology, interreligious studies, and value-based policy formulation in religiously diverse societies. Contribution: It highlights the significance of epieikēs as a public and intersubjective ethical principle that extends beyond individual virtue, providing a foundation for fostering tolerance, mitigating radicalization, and reducing social tensions in a pluralistic context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aditya Anugrah Saragih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0