The Crisis of Health Facilities and Personnel Protection in the Post-October 7, 2023 Israel-Palestine Conflict: An International Humanitarian Law Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v6i3.56060Kata Kunci:
international humanitarian law, Israel-Palestine, health workers, medical facilities, war crimesAbstrak
This study examines the crisis regarding the protection of health facilities and personnel in the Gaza Strip following October 7, 2023, within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Israel's systematic attacks on hospitals, ambulances, and medical personnel have not only resulted in thousands of casualties and the destruction of healthcare infrastructure but have also precipitated a profound humanitarian crisis. Normatively, the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols provide robust protection for medical personnel as neutral actors; however, implementation in Gaza reveals a serious gap between legal norms and the reality on the ground. This study employs a normative legal methodology, analyzing international legal instruments, doctrines, and relevant literature, while comparing legal norms against empirical facts in Gaza. The findings indicate that Israel's actions suggest grave violations of IHL—including war crimes and genocide—that warrant action through International Criminal Court (ICC) and International Court of Justice (ICJ) mechanisms. The study’s novelty lies in its focus on the legal protection of health personnel in Gaza post-October 7, 2023, specifically highlighting the disparity between international legal norms and implementation realities, while proposing legal reforms to enhance the effectiveness of protection mechanisms in the future.
Referensi
‘Alimi, N., Triyono, T., Susilo, T., Basuki, T., & Akad, A. M. (2025). Studi Kualitatif Tentang Respons Hukum Internasional Terhadap Kekerasan Gender dalam Konflik Bersenjata [A Qualitative Study of International Legal Responses to Gender-Based Violence in Armed Conflict]. JURNAL SYNTAX IMPERATIF : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan, 6(2), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.54543/syntaximperatif.v6i2.682 [In Indonesian]
Adira, S. S., & Harahap, I. H. (2025). Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Mendukung Kemerdekaan Palestina [Indonesian Diplomacy in Support of Palestinian Independence]. Universitas Bakrie Press.
Akande, D. (2020). The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression. Oxford University Press.
Al-Fatih, S. (2023). Perkembangan Metode Penelitian Hukum di Indonesia [Development of Legal Research Methods in Indonesia]. UMMPress.
Al Farauqi, M. D. A., & Mariana. (2024). Pelanggaran Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam Agresi Militer Israel ke Gaza Pasca-Serangan Hamas 7 Oktober 2023 [Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Israel’s Military Aggression on Gaza Following the Hamas Attack of October 7, 2023]. Jurnal ICMES, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.35748/jurnalicmes.v8i1.189 [In Indonesian]
Almubaroq, H. Z. (2024). Manajemen Pendidikan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Perang Modern [Indonesian Education Management in Facing the Threat of Modern War]. Indonesia Emas Group.
Anggraeni, N., & Brata, T. A. (2025). Humanism Oriented Civilian Protection As a Military. DE Jure Critical Laws Journal, 6(1), 32–58. https://doi.org/10.48171/dejure.v6i1.75
Ariyanti, S., Ilmy, S. K., Tinungki, Y. L., Yanti, N. P. E. D., Juwariyah, S., Waras, N. G. T., Pradiptha, I. D. A. G. F., Mustika, I. W., Sudiantara, K., & Lating, Z. (2023). Keselamatan Pasien dan Keselamatan Kesehatan Kerja [Patient Safety and Occupational Health Safety]. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Asi, Y., Mills, D., Greenough, P. G., Kunichoff, D., Khan, S., Hoek, J. Van Den, Scher, C., Halabi, S., Abdulrahim, S., Bahour, N., Ahmed, A. K., Wispelwey, B., & Hammoudeh, W. (2024). Nowhere and No One is Safe: Spatial Analysis of Damage to Critical Civilian Infrastructure in The Gaza Strip During The First Phase of The Israeli Military Campaign, 7 October to 22 November 2023. Conflict and Health, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-024-00580-x
Bakry, U. S. (2019). Hukum Humaniter International: Sebuah Pengantar [International Humanitarian Law: An Introduction]. Prenada Media.
Dalimunthe, A. P., & Azizah, N. (2024). Kejahatan Genosida dalam Perspektif Hukum: Analisis Pidana Internasional dan Hukum Pidana Islam [The Crime of Genocide in Legal Perspective: Analysis of International Criminal Law and Islamic Criminal Law]. JATISWARA, 39(3), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.29303/jtsw.v39i3.1151 [In Indonesian]
Dörmann. (2003). Introduction to Elements of War Crimes Listed in Article 8 of The Rome Statute. In K. Dörmann (Ed.), Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (pp. 15–16). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495144.006
Fry, J. D. (2020). Legal Frameworks For Humanitarian Relief Operations in Armed Conflicts. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 11(1), 85–120. https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-01101005
Gabriella, I., Setiyono, J., & Hardiwinoto, S. (2017). Pelanggaran terhadap Prinsip Proporsionalitas dalam Kasus Penyerangan Israel ke Jalur Gaza Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional [Violation of the Principle of Proportionality in the Case of Israel’s Attack on the Gaza Strip According to International Hum. Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.14710/dlj.2017.16979 [In Indonesian]
Giacca, G. (2014). Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press.
Hanbali, L., Kwong, E. J. L., Neilson, A., Smith, J., Hafez, S., & Khoury, R. (2024). Israeli Necropolitics and The Pursuit of Health Justice in Palestine. BMJ Global Health, 9(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014942
Hanisah, S. F., & Purwaningtyas, D. R. (2025). Ketahanan Gizi dan Kesehatan Anak dan Ibu di Gaza dalam Situasi Krisis [Nutritional Security and Health of Children and Mothers in Gaza in a Crisis Situation]. Penerbit Lutfi Gilang.
Ifara, A. N., Alizky, A. D., Amelia, R. F., & Syafitri, Y. T. (2024). Tinjauan Yuridis Kejahatan Israel Terhadap Palestina dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional [A Legal Review of Israeli Crimes Against Palestine from an International Legal Perspective]. Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice, 1(3), 13. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v1i3.2703 [In Indonesian]
Ihsan, R. F., & Susanti, R. (2024). Perlindungan Relawan Kemanusiaan pada Konflik Bersenjata Israel dan Palestina [Protection of Humanitarian Volunteers in the Israeli-Palestinian Armed Conflict]. Collegium Studiosum Journal, 7(2), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.56301/csj.v7i2.1413 [In Indonesian]
Intiasari, A. D. (2025). Rumah Sakit dalam Dinamika Sistem Kesehatan: Isu dan Tantangan Layanan di Era Multipolar Pembiayaan [Hospitals in the Dynamics of Health Systems: Issues and Challenges of Services in the Era of Multipolar Financing]. Arih Diyaning Intiasari.
Lalira, J. E. (2025). Sejarah, Bahasa dan Budaya Desa Gemeh dari Cikal Bakal Hingga Pemekaran Wilayah [History, Language, and Culture of Gemeh Village from Its Origins to Regional Expansion]. Gema Edukasi Mandiri.
Mackay, D. F., Gray, L., & Pell, J. P. (2013). Impact of Smoking and Smoking Cessation On Overweight and Obesity: Scotland-Wide, Cross-Sectional Study On 40,036 Participants. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 348. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-348
Mahase, E. (2024). Gaza: Just One Working Hospital Remains in Rafah, As Healthcare Worker Death Toll Reaches 500. BMJ, 385(May), q1204. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1204
Manshur, F. M. (2025). Konflik Palestina-Israel: dalam Dunia Sastra dan Dunia Nyata [The Palestine-Israel Conflict: in Literature and the Real World]. UGM PRESS.
Masidin. (2023). Penelitian Hukum Normatif: Analisis Putusan Hakim [Normative Legal Research: Analysis of Judges’ Decisions]. Prenada Media.
Maulida, Y. N., Dar Nasser, M. F., & Mujib, M. M. (2024). Protection of Medical Personnel and Health Facilities in Palestinian-Israeli Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law and Conflict Theory Perspective. Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum, 13(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.14421/0ja2gm43
Mufty, A. M. (2025). Hukum Pidana Internasional [International Criminal Law]. Tahta Media Group.
Nababan, W. M. S., & Sewu, P. L. S. (2024). Tinjauan Hukum Tenaga Kerja Kesehatan Asing dihubungkan dengan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pasien dalam Sistem Kesehatan Nasional [Legal Review of Foreign Health Workers in Connection with Legal Protection for Patients in the National Health System]. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan, 5(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-imperatif.v5i1.350 [In Indonesian]
Nada, N., & El-Afaf, I. (2024). Tanggung Jawab Hukum Internasional atas Kejahatan Kemanusiaan di Gaza [International Legal Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity in Gaza]. Ma’mal: Jurnal Laboratorium Syariah Dan Hukum, 5(5), 433–455. https://doi.org/10.15642/mal.v5i5.406 [In Indonesian]
Perwita, A. A. B., Ramsi, O., Sembiring, A. E. B., Wulandari, A., Luangphane, C., Nugraha, D. A., Putri, F. I., Gea, A. H. N., Oktreza, K., & Joodael, K. (2025). Diplomasi Pertahanan: Aktor, Proses, dan Isu [Defense Diplomacy: Actors, Processes, and Issues]. Indonesia Emas Group.
Poole, D. N., Andersen, D., Raymond, N. A., Grace, R., Smith, T., Khoshnood, K., & Mowafi, H. (2024a). Damage to Medical Complexes in The Gaza Strip During the Israel–Hamas War: a Geospatial Analysis. The Lancet, 403(10427), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00208-9
Poole, D. N., Andersen, D., Raymond, N. A., Grace, R., Smith, T., Khoshnood, K., & Mowafi, H. (2024b). Damage to Medical Complexes in The Gaza Strip During the Israel–Hamas War: A Geospatial Analysis. BMJ Global Health, 9(4), e014768. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014768
Prasad, V. (2024). Palestine: Remember the Doctors. In Guardian (Sydney).
Prasetyo, D. Y., Norrahman, F. H., Ramadhani, A. D., Hilmiyah, N., Nurharizah, S., Malika, V., & Fuad, M. Y. (2025). Strategi Kebijakan Global: Demokrasi, Ekonomi, dan Hubungan Internasional [Global Policy Strategy: Democracy, Economics, and International Relations]. Penerbit: Kramantara JS.
Pratiwi, C. S. (2024). Hukum Internasional Publik: Konsep Dasar, Norma dan Studi Kasus [Public International Law: Basic Concepts, Norms and Case Studies]. UMMPress.
Pusponegoro, A., & Sujudi, A. (2016). Kegawatdaruratan dan Bencana: Solusi dan Petunjuk Teknis Penanggulangan Medik & Kesehatan [Emergency and Disaster: Solutions and Technical Guidelines for Medical and Health Response]. PT. Rayyana Komunikasindo.
Putri, A. N., & Ruslie, A. S. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Medis yang Bertugas di Wilayah Konflik Bersenjata Berdasarkan Hukum Humaniter Internasional [Legal Protection for Medical Personnel Serving in Armed Conflict Areas Under International Humanitarian Law]. COURT REVIEW: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum (e-ISSN: 2776-1916), 4(05), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.69957/cr.v4i05.1598 [In Indonesian]
Rahmawati, T., Shiva, K. A., Salsabilla, N., Putry, S. A. S., Mulia, R., & Saleh, W. J. (2025). Peran Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana Internasional Terhadap Kejahatan Genosida [The Role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in Enforcing International Criminal Law Against the Crime of Genocide]. INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research, 5(Icc), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v5i2.18128 [In Indonesian]
Rodin, D., & Shue, H. (2008). Just and Unjust Warriors: The Moral and Legal Status of Soldiers. Oxford University Press.
Rokibah, N. C., & Azizah, N. D. (2024). Eksistensi Responsbility to Protect (R2P) dalam Penanganan Konflik Bersenjata Palestina-Israel [The Existence of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Handling the Palestine-Israel Armed Conflict]. Sanskara Hukum Dan HAM, 3(02), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.58812/shh.v3i02.437 [In Indonesian]
Saleh, I. N. S., Badilla, N. W. Y., Apriyanto, A., & Depari, D. P. (2024). Buku Referensi Sistem Peradilan di Indonesia: Proses, Hak, dan Keadilan [Reference Book on the Indonesian Judicial System: Process, Rights, and Justice]. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Sassòli, M. (2019). International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Edward Elgar.
Siregar, S., Siregar, F. I., Rizky, M., Al Fatur, R., Natasya, S., & Warohma, N. (2024). Antara Idealisme dan Realitas: Analisis Kritis Peran Ganda PBB dalam Menegakkan dan Melemahkan Hukum Internasional di Tengah Kompleksitas Global [Between Idealism and Reality: A Critical Analysis of the UN’s Dual Role in Upholding and Undermining Internat. Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(4), 3929–3944. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i4.13546 [In Indonesian]
Soni, S. (2023). Gaza and International Law: The Global Obligation to Protect Life and Health. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law, 16(3), 80–81. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1764
Suratiningsih, D., & Lukitowati, S. (2020a). Strategi Komunikasi dalam Diplomasi Kemanusiaan: Best practice Act dalam Isu Kemanusiaan Palestina [Communication Strategy in Humanitarian Diplomacy: Best Practices in the Palestinian Humanitarian Issue]. Scopindo Media Pustaka.
Suratiningsih, D., & Lukitowati, S. (2020b). Strategi Komunikasi dalam Diplomasi Kemanusiaan: Best Practice Act dalam Isu Kemanusiaan Palestina [Communication Strategy in Humanitarian Diplomacy: Best Practices in the Palestinian Humanitarian Issue]. Scopindo Media Pustaka.
Suryokumoro, H., Ardhiansyah, A., Madjid, Y. R., & Susanto, F. A. (2020). Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Kajian Norma dan Kasus [International Humanitarian Law: A Study of Norms and Cases]. Universitas Brawijaya Press.
Tandris, V. (2018). Perlindungan bagi Petugas Medis dalam Sengketa Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional [Protection of Medical Personnel in Armed Conflicts Under International Humanitarian Law]. Lex Et Societatis, 6(10), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.35796/les.v6i10.22831 [In Indonesian]
Tekin, F. C., & Selcen Öcal, F. (2023). Attacks on Health Care Worldwide: 5-year Review. Eurasian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(4), 211–215. https://doi.org/10.4274/eajem.galenos.2023.42223
Wardani, D. M. K. (2025). Studi Normatif terhadap Perlindungan HAM dalam Konflik Bersenjata Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional [Normative Study on Human Rights Protection in Armed Conflict Based on International Law]. Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice, 2(3), 11. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v2i3.3711 [In Indonesian]
Wicaksono, A. T., Jabbar, A. A. N. B., & Fatwa, A. F. (2023). Problematika ICC dalam Menjatuhkan Sanksi Kepada Israel Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional [The ICC’s Problems in Imposing Sanctions on Israel from an International Law Perspective]. Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Ilmu Sosial, 3(1), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.55606/jhpis.v3i1.3210 [In Indonesian]
Wiseso, G., Warli, L., Susilo, T., Budi, I. K. S., & Iskandar, Y. (2025). Dinamika Penerapan Hukum Humaniter dalam Konflik Israel-Palestina: Konsekuensi Hukum dan Perlindungan Warga Sipil [Dynamics of the Application of Humanitarian Law in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Legal Consequences and Protection of Civilians]. Jurnal Impresi Indonesia, 4(5), 1695–1706. https://doi.org/10.58344/jii.v4i5.6480 [In Indonesian]
Yoesry, E., Judijanto, L., Stoffel, M., Tuharea, F., Mungawanah, N., Santoso, R. Y., & Mariyani, Y. R. D. (2025). Pengantar Hukum Internasional [Introduction to International Law]. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Indra Parulian
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).