FIKIH (FIQH) AIR DAN TANAH DALAM TAHARAH (THAHARAH) MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ILMU KIMIA


Dede Suhendar(1*)

(1) Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Ilmu kimia merupakan ilmu alam yang mempelajari sifat-sifat benda dan
perubahannya. Karena objek studinya itu, fikih air dan tanah dalam taharah dapat didekati pemahamannya melalui perspektif ilmu kimia. Batasan volume air tergenang dan air mengalir untuk wudhu dipahami agar air tetap bersih dan
memberikan efek pembersihan (penyucian) dan sebagai antisipasi penggunaan air yang tercemar. Dalam air yang volumenya lebih banyak memungkinkan air dapat mengencerkan konsentrasi najis dan polutan lainnya, sedangkan dalam air yang mengalir memungkinkan air mendapatkan suplai oksigen lebih banyak dan menambah kemungkinan pelepasan zat-zat volatil berbahaya dari badan air. Analog dengan debu tanah untuk tayamum, debu tanah yang digunakan adalah debu tanah yang bersih karena memiliki daya pembersihan terhadap hal-hal yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan kulit, terutama wajah dan tangan. Lebih lanjut, penggunaan tanah dalam penyucian benda yang dijilat anjing menunjukkan makna tanah sesungguhnya berdasarkan representasi kandungan utama tanah itu sendiri, yakni mineral-mineral silika, silikat dan aluminosilikat.

Keywords


ilmu kimia; fikih; taharah; air; mineral tanah; wudhu; tayammum

Full Text:

PDF

References


W. Purnamasari, “Studi

Pendahuluan Air Wudhu

Berdasarkan Dinamika Sifat

Fisika, Kimia, dan Biologi Air

dalam Volume dan Lamanya

Penyimpanan,” Skripsi, Jurusan

Kimia UIN Sunan Gunung Djati,

Bandung, 2015.

D. Suhendar, R. Kharismawati,

E. Maryam, I. Rahadian dan A.

Ryanitha, “Studi Spektrum UVVis dan FTIR dari Saliva Anjing

Sebelum dan Setelah

Dikontakkan dengan Sampel

Tanah,” dalam Seminar

Nasional Sains dan Teknologi

, Bandung, 2013.

N. N. Kalista, “Pengaruh

Konsentrasi Zeolit Hasil

Rekayasa pada Bedak Obat

terhadap Daya Antimikroba

Patogen E. Coli dan Antijamur

C. Albicans,” Skripsi, Jurusan

Kimia UIN Sunan Gunung Djati,

Bandung, 2013.

A. Ryanitha, “Studi

Pendahuluan Daya Serap Tanah

terhadap Saliva Anjing dan Zat

Warna Rhodamin B dengan

Metode Spektroskopi Sinar

Tampak dan Inframerah,” dalam

The 4th Indonesian Student

Conference on Science and

Mathematics (ISCSM-2015),

Bandung, 2015.

H. Majidah, “Studi Pendahuluan

Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Debu

Tanah dalam Aplikasi

Tayamum,” Skripsi, Jurusan

Kimia UIN Sunan Gunung Djati,

Bandung, 2015.

H. H. Murray, Applied Clay

Mineralogy: Occurrences,

Processing and Application of

Kaolins, Bentonites,

Palygorskite-Sepiolite, and

Common Clays, Amsterdam:

Elsevier, 2007.

W. M. Nel, Green Solvents for

Chemistry: Perspectives and

Practice, New York: Oxford

University Press, 2003.

D. Desonie, Hydrosphere:

Freshwater Systems and

Pollution, New York: Chelsea

House, 2008.

J. Zhao, S. P. Li, F. Q. Yang, P.

Li and Y. T. Wang,

"Simultaneous Determination of

Saponins and Fatty Acids in

Ziziphus jujuba (Suanzaoren) by

High Performance Liquid

Chromatography-Evaporative

Light Scattering Detection and

Pressurized Liquid Extraction,"

Journal of Chromatography A,

no. 1108, pp. 188-194, 2006.

J. -G. Jiang, X. -J. Huang and J.

Chen, "Separation and

Purification of Saponins from

Semen Ziziphus Jujuba and

Their Sedative and Hypnotic

Effects," Journal of Pharmacy

and Pharmacology, vol. 59, p.

–1180, 2007.

C. Priyanka, P. Kumar, S. P.

Bankar and L. Karthik, "In Vitro

Antibacterial Activity and Gas

Chromatography – Mass

Spectroscopy Analysis of

Acacia karoo and Ziziphus

mauritiana Extracts," Journal of

Taibah University for Science,

no. 9, pp. 13-19, 2015.

F. Franks, Water: a Matrix of

Life, 2nd ed., Cambridge: The

Royal Society of Chemistry,

I. P. Sarethy, N. Bhatia and N.

Maheshwari, "Antibacterial

Activity of Plant Biosurfactant

Extract from Sapindus

Mukorossi and in Silico

Evaluation of Its Bioactivity,"

International Journal of

Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 419-

, 2015.

I. Fatmawati, “Efektivitas Buah

Lerak (Sapindus Rarak De

Candole) sebagai Bahan

Pembersih Logam Perak,

Perunggu, dan Besi,” Jurnal

Konservasi Cagar Budaya

Borobudur, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 24-

, 2014.

J. Álvarez-benedí and R.

Munoz-carpena, Soil-WaterSolute Process Characterization:

An Integrated Approach, Boca

Raton: CRC Press, 2005.

E. Bischoff, "Sources of

Pollution of Indoor Air by MiteAllergen-Containing House

Dust," Environment

International, vol. 15, pp. 181-

, 1989.

M. A. Calderón, J. KleineTebbe, A. Linneberg, F. D. Blay,

D. H. de Rojas, J. C. Virchow

and P. Demoly, "House Dust

Mite Respiratory Allergy: An

Overview of Current

Therapeutic Strategies," The

Journal of Allergy and Clinical

Immunology: In Practice, vol. 3,

no. 6, pp. 843-855, 2015.

N. D. Yordanov and I.

Najdenova, "Selective

Estimation of Soot in Home

Dust by EPR Spectrometry,"

Spectrochimica Acta Part A, no.

, pp. 1367-1370, 2004.

G. Shi, Z. Chen, S. Xu, J. Zhang,

L. Wang, C. Bi and J. Teng,

"Potentially Toxic Metal

Contamination of Urban Soils

and Roadside Dust in Shanghai,

China," Environmental

Pollution, no. 156, pp. 251-260,

P. B. Kurt-Karakus,

"Determination of Heavy Metals

in Indoor Dust from Istanbul,

Turkey: Estimation of the

Health Risk," Enviironment

International, vol. 50, pp. 47-55,

N. Moreno, A. Alastuey, X.

Querola, B. Artin˜ ano, A.

Guerra, J. A. Luaces, A. Lorente

and J. Basora, "Characterisation

of Dust Material Emitted During

Harbour Operations (HADA

Project)," Atmospheric

Environment, vol. 41, pp. 6331-

, 2007.

P. Kaarakainen, H. Rintala, A.

Vepsäläinen, A. Hyvärinen, A.

Nevalainen and T. Meklin, "Microbial Content of House

Dust Samples Determined with

qPCR," Science of the Total

Environment, no. 407, pp. 4673-

, 2009.

T. Salthammer, C. Fauck, T.

Schripp, P. Meinlschmidt, S.

Willenborg and H. -J. Moriske,

"Effect of Particle Concentration

and Semi-Volatile Organic

Compounds on the Phenomenon

of 'Black Magic Dust’ in

Dwellings," Building and

Environment, no. 46, pp. 1880-

, 2011.

J. d. Duane, Handbook of

Drinking Water Quality, 2nd ed.,

Danvers: John Wiley & Sons,

J. Rapala and K. Lahti,

"Methods for Detection of

Cyanobacterial Toxins," in

Detection Methods for Algae,

Protozoa and Helminths in

Fresh and Drinking Water, F.

Palumbo, G. Ziglio and A. v. d.

Beken, Eds., Chichester, John

Wiley & Sons, 2002, pp. 107-

J. G. Ganoulis, Engineering

Risk Analysis of Water

Pollution: Probabilities and

Fuzzy Sets, Weinheim: VCH

Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1994.

Y. Rozen and S. Belkin,

"Survival of Enteric Bacteria in

Seawater," FEMS Microbiology

Reviews, vol. 25, pp. 513-529,

Z. S. Multazam, “Studi

Parameter Fisika dan Kimia Air

Zamzam dan Perbandingannya

dengan Air Minum dalam

Kemasan,” Skripsi, Jurusan

Kimia UIN Sunan Gunung Djati,

Bandung, 2015.

A. R. Conklin, Jr., Introduction

to Soil Chemistry: Analysis and

Instrumentation, Hoboken: John

Wiley & Sons, 2005.

G. Sposito, The Surface

Chemistry of Soils, New York:

Oxford University Press, 1984.

S. Ghazi, A. Sayigh and K. Ip,

"Dust Effect on Flat Surfaces –

A Review Paper," Renewable

and Sustainable Energy Reviews,

vol. 33, pp. 742-751, 2014.

F. R. Spellman, Handbook of

Water and Wastewater

Treatment Plant Operations,

Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2003.

N. L. Nemerow, F. J. Agardy, P.

Sullivan and J. A. Salvato, Eds.,

Environmental Engineering:

Water, Wastewater, Soil and

Groundwater Treatment and

Remediation, 6th ed., Hoboken:

John Wileys & Sons, 2009.

D. L. Russell, Practical

Wastewater Treatment,

Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons,

O. Thomas and C. Burgess, Eds.,

Techniques and Insrumentation

in Analytical Chemistry, vol.

: UV-Visible

Spectrophotometry of Water and

Wastewater, Oxford: Elsevier,

I. Rahadian, “Studi Pendahuluan

Daya Serap Tanah Terhadap

Saliva Anjing dan Zat Warna

Metilen Biru dengan Metode

Spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan

Inframerah,” Skripsi, Jurusan

Kimia UIN Sunan Gunung Djati,

Bandung, 2015.

Al-Imam Ahmad dalam

Musnad-nya 1/291 dan Ibnu

Hibbaan dalam Shahiiih-nya

(Al-Ihsaan bi-Tartiibi Shahiih

Ibni Hibban 7/623), KitaabuthThibb.

Shahih Muslim 4/1922 dalam

Kitaabu Fadlaailish-Shahaabah,

Baab Min Fadlaaili Abi Dzarr

radliyallaahu ‘anhu.

Ath-Thabaraniy dalam AlMu’jamul-Kabiir (11/98).

B. Shomar, "Zamzam Water:

Concentration of Trace

Elements and Other

Characteristics," Chemosphere,

vol. 86, pp. 600-605, 2012.

N. Khalid, A. Ahmad, S. Khalid,

A. Ahmed and M. Irfan,

"Mineral Composition and

Health Functionality of Zamzam

Water: A Review," International

Journal of Food Properties, vol.

, no. 3, pp. 661-677, 2014.

N. M. Hoobi, "Dissolution of

Calcium Ion from Human

Enamel Treated with Zamzam

Water in Comparison with

Sodium Fluoride," Medical

Dental Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.

-138, 2012.

A. M. Al-Weheb and A. H.

Fahad, "Effect of Zamzam

Water on the Microhardness of

Initial Caries-like Lesion of

Permanent Teeth, Compared to

Casein PhosphopeptideAmorphous Calcium Phosphate

Agents," Journal of Baghdad

College Dentistry, vol. 24, no. 2,

S. S. Al-Ghamdi, "Inhibition of

Calcium Oxalate Nephrotoxicity

with Zamzam Water," Open

Journal of Preventive Medicine,

vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67-71, 2012.

A. M. Abdullah, E. Abdelsalam,

B. Abdullah and A. Khaled,

"Antioxidant Effects of Zamzam

Water in Normal Rats and

Those Under Induced-Oxidative

Stress," Journal of Medicinal

Plants Research, vol. 6, no. 42,

pp. 5507-5512, 2012.

A. Bamosa, A. Elnour, H.

Kaatabi, A. Al Meheithif, K.

Aleiss and S. Al-Almaie,

"Zamzam Water Ameliorates

Oxidative Stress and Reduces

HemoglobinA1c in Type 2

Diabetic Patients," Journal of

Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 4,

no. 3, p. 1000249, 2013.

A. A. Alshikh, "Quality of

Bottled Water in the Kingdom

of Saudi Arabia: A Comparative

Study with Jazan Water and

Zamzam Water," New York

Science Journal, vol. 6, no. 12,

pp. 174-180, 2013.

S. S. Alsokari, "Zamzam WaterInduced Changes in Growth and

Biochemical Parameters in

Lentils," Australian Journal of

Basic and Applied Sciences, vol.

, no. 9, pp. 559-563, 2011.

A. M. Mardi, A.-Z. S. Hassan, H.

S. Abdulrahman and A.-T. A.

Abdulmonem, "Zamzam Water

Effect on Growth of Sesamum

indicum (Local Varity) as a

Field Crop," American-Eurasian

Journal of Agricultural and

Environmental Science, vol. 15,

no. 10, pp. 1914-1919, 2015.

B. A. Hamed, H. A. Mutwally

and S. M. Omar, "Some

Physiological Parameters of the

Yields of Vicia faba L. and

Triticum vulgare L. Irrigated

with Zamzam, Desalinized or

Well Water.," World Journal of

Agricultural Science, vol. 5, no.

, pp. 480-486, 2009.

A. A. Elshami, S. Bonnet and A.

Khelidj, "Zamzam Water as

Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel

Rebar in Rainwater and

Simulated Acid Rain,"

International Journal of

Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear,

Materials and Metallurgical

Engineering, vol. 8, no. 9, pp.

-1051, 2014.

H. Sun, Biological Chemistry of

Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth,

Chichester: John Wiley & Sons,

, pp. 96-98.

M. L. Firdaus, W. Alwi, F.

Trinoveldi, I. Rahayu, L.

Rahmidar and K. Warsito,

"Determination of Chromium

and Iron Using Digital Imagebased Colorimetry," Procedia

Environmental Sciences, vol. 20,

pp. 298-304, 2014.

A. A. Yanos, M. N. Bautista, M.

R. Angelia and E. J. del Rosario,

"Digital Photometric

Determination of Protein Using

Biuret, Bradford and

Bicinchoninic Acid Reagents,"

Philippine Science Letters, vol.

, no. 2, pp. 168-175, 2013.

“ImageJ,” [Online]. Tersedia

di:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im

ageJ. [Diakses 15 Maret 2016].