Legal Analysis of Hospitals' Legal Responsibility for Doctors' Misdiagnosis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v6i4.58525Kata Kunci:
doctor's misdiagnosis, hospital, legal responsibilityAbstrak
Misdiagnosis by doctors is a common form of medical malpractice with potentially fatal consequences. However, the Indonesian legal system has yet to establish a comprehensive framework of hospital liability that prioritizes patient protection. This study aims to examine the legal basis of hospital responsibility for doctors' diagnostic errors under Indonesian regulations and propose an ideal juridical construction as a reference for resolving malpractice disputes in health services. A normative juridical approach is employed by analyzing legislation and relevant case studies to formulate a descriptive-analytical model of hospital accountability. The findings reveal that hospital responsibility is multidimensional, encompassing juridical, ethical, professional, and social aspects, grounded in theories of liability, including strict and vicarious liability principles, as supported by legal norms such as Law No. 17 of 2023 and Government Regulation No. 47 of 2021. Diagnostic errors commonly result from procedural negligence and weak quality control; thus, hospitals must implement structural reforms and provide comprehensive patient protection. The ideal juridical construction for malpractice dispute resolution should be integrative, built upon the four pillars of the Integrative-Tetradic Realism Theory: legal certainty, substantive justice, social utility, and public participation. A collaborative approach between law and medicine, along with restorative, non-litigation mechanisms, offers a more equitable and humane solution. In conclusion, hospital accountability for misdiagnosis must reflect a multidimensional, ethical, and systemic approach to ensure safe, fair, and high-quality healthcare services for all members of society.
Referensi
Ab Rahim, S. F., & Kusumaningrum, A. E. (2025). Tort Litigation Versus Mediation in Medico-Legal Disputes: Evaluating The Limits Of Mediation and Proposals for Reform. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 30(2), 176–197. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol30no2.710
Abbott, R. L., Weber, P., & Kelley, B. (2005). Medical Professional Liability Insurance and its Relation to Medical Error and Healthcare Risk Management for the Practicing Physician. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 140(6), 1106-1111.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2005.07.020
Andrianto, W., & Andaru, D. D. A. (2021). Reconstruction of Indonesian Government and Hospital Liability in Medico Legal Dispute Settlement. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(5), 1–8.
Arifin, Z., & Purnamasari, W. (2023). Understanding Of Culinary Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises Actors On Halal Food Products In Sambas Regency. Southeast Asia Journal Of Graduate Of Islamic Business And Economics, 1(3), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.37567/sajgibe.v1i3.1521
Aris Prio Agus Santoso. (2025). New Legal Theory Concept: Integrative-Tetradic Realism Theory. The Easta Journal Law and Human Rights, 3(03), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.58812/eslhr.v3i03.632
Ayres, L., Kavanaugh, K., & Knafl, K. A. (2003). Within-Case and Across-Case Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 13(6), 871–883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303013006008
Baungaard, N., Skovvang, P. L., Assing Hvidt, E., Gerbild, H., Kirstine Andersen, M., & Lykkegaard, J. (2022). How defensive medicine is defined in European medical literature: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 12(1), e057169. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057169
Benny Wijaya. (2022). The Role Of Informed Consent In Proving Medical Malpractice Cases (Review Of Indonesian Supreme Court’s Decision No. 233 K/Pid.Sus/2021). JURNAL HUKUM, POLITIK DAN ILMU SOSIAL, 1(2), 214–226. https://doi.org/10.55606/jhpis.v1i2.1746
Bintartho, A., Nasser, M., & Sutrisno. (2025). Legal Analysis of Legal Protection for Doctors in Reporting Patient Safety Incidents to Improve the Quality of Health Services. KRTHA BHAYANGKARA, 19(2), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.31599/krtha.v19i2.3868
Black, H. C. (1979). Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed.). West Publishing Co.
Budiman, A., Rizka, R., & Absori, A. (2023). Juridical Analysis of Hospital Liability for Actions of Doctors Performing Medical Malpractice. Soepra Jurnal Hukum Kesehatan, 9(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.24167/sjhk.v9i1.10061
Chen, W.-T., Fu, C.-P., Chang, Y.-D., Shiao, Y.-C., Chen, P.-Y., & Wang, C.-C. (2022). Developing an innovative medical ethics and law curriculum—constructing a situation-based, interdisciplinary, court-based learning course: a mixed methods study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 284. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03349-z
Cuppini, A. (2024). The ‘ideal victim’: A cage for victims’ narratives at the International Criminal Court. Leiden Journal of International Law, 37(2), 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156523000651
De Vera, P. (2023). The Control and Coercion of Disabled Individuals. Crossing Borders: Student Reflections on Global Social Issues, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.31542/kqrk6h08
Dwike, A., Efrila, E., & Prasetyo, B. (2025). Revisiting The Legal Implications of Medical Malpractice : A Case Study in Indonesia. Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 7(5), 3775–3788. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i5.1696
Epstein, R. J. (2023). To find fault is easy, to find no-fault is fair. Future Healthcare Journal, 10(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2022-0049
Hämäläinen, H., & Salminen, J. (2025). Inclusive participation in law-making: good governance or a constitutional obligation? The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 13(2), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2025.2513176
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2024). Laporan Tahunan Sistem Informasi Pengaduan Layanan Kesehatan Nasional Tahun 2024.
Levenbook, B. B. (2006). How a statute applies. Legal Theory, 12(1), 71–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352325206060241
Møller, A. M., & Cecchini, M. (2025). Same position, different roles? How professional, organizational, and public policy logics shape frontline managers’ role conceptions. Public Management Review, 27(8), 1868–1892. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2298228
Negara, T. A. S. (2023). Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: Its Originis and Approaches. Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ), 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v4i1.24855
Niniek Lannyati, & Samian. (2025). Comprehending Non-Litigative Resolution of Construction Disputes Through Arbitration. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 5(4), 2659–2669. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i4.1599
Novanda, N. P. R., Mahendrawati, N. L. M., & Styawati, N. K. A. (2025). The Legal Protection Of Minority Shareholders Against Company Consolidation In The Perspective Of The Limited Liability Company Law. Journal of Court and Justice, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.56943/jcj.v4i2.762
Nugroho, A., & others. (2022). Hospitals Responsibility for Delivering Authority of Doctors to Nurses. International Journal of Law and Legal Ethics (IJLLE), 3(1).
Nurarafah, N. (2022). Doctor’s Civil Responsibility in Medical Malpractice in Indonesia. Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management, 1(10), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.59141/jrssem.v1i10.175
Pranoto, F., & Gunadi, A. (2022). Liability for Damages Due to Airline Negligence Based on Law Number 8 Year 1999 Concerning the Consumer Protection (A Study on the Decision No. 433/Pdt.G/2019/Pn.Jkt.Pst). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220404.089
Prasetyo, H., Waluyo, B., Subakdi, S., Roring, E. B., & Salles, S. (2025). Reconstruction of Criminal Design Based on Strict Liability Theory for Hospitals in Cases of Medical Malpractice Against Patients. Jurnal Suara Hukum, 6(2), 331–355. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v6n2.p331-355
Priem, R. (2024). A relaxation of European derivatives clearing legislation as a consequence of the 2021–2023 energy crisis. The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 17(4), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwae010
Purba, F. R., Nababan, R., & Habeahan, B. (2025). Legal Responsibility of Hospitals for Doctors’ Misdiagnosis of Patient’s Disease Based on Law No. 17 of 2023 Concerning Health. Journal of Legal and Cultural Analytics, 4(1), 279–290. https://doi.org/10.55927/jlca.v4i1.13859
Putra, I. N. D., Tungga, B. D., & Dewi, C. I. D. L. (2021). Analysis of Medical Legal Order as A Basis For Settlement of Medical Malpractice Disputes. IAPA Proceedings Conference. https://doi.org/10.30589/proceedings.2021.531
Putro, W. D. (2024). Philosophical Foundations for Considering Human Rights in Judgements in Indonesia. In International Human Rights and Local Courts (pp. 57–72). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003431350-4
Santoso, A. P. A. (2025). Teori Integratif Tetradik Realism (Sebagai Dasar Pemikiran Hukum Progresif Baru). CV Nakomu.
Sarwono, A. P. (2023). Legal Protection of Hospitals as Whistleblowers According to the Republic of Indonesia Act Number 17 of 2023 Concerning Health in Cases Involving Fake Doctors. JMMR (Jurnal Medicoeticolegal Dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit), 12(3), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmmr.v12i3.117
Sidi, R. (2024). Legal Responsibility for Medical Risks and Medical Negligence in The View of Health Law. Journal of General Education Science, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.62966/joges.vi.512
Sidik, F., Lawrence, A., Wagey, T., Zamzani, F., & Lovelock, C. E. (2023). Blue carbon: A new paradigm of mangrove conservation and management in Indonesia. Marine Policy, 147, 105388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105388
Stępniak, A. (2021). Medical error and negligence as a premise of liability for damage caused to patients. Journal of Health Inequalities, 7(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2021.113165
Susila, M. E. (2023). Malpraktik Medik dan Pertanggungjawaban Hukumnya: Analisis dan Evaluasi Konseptual. Law and Justice, 6(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v6i1.11425
Thahir, P. S., & Tongat, T. (2024). Legal Review of Medical Crime: Patient Protection and Professional Responsibility in Medical Practice. Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ), 5(2), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v5i2.33832
Wolf, S. M. (2024). Shifting Paradigms in Bioethics and Health Law: The Rise of a New Pragmatism. In Rights and Resources (pp. 3–23). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003576938-2
Wulan, I. G. K., Rokhim, A., & Muhibbin, M. (2025). Legal Protection for Medical Personnel Who Neglect Their Duties in Performing Medical Procedures Under Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health. Jurnal Locus Penelitian Dan Pengabdian, 4(9), 8927–8936. https://doi.org/10.58344/locus.v4i9.4732
Yen, L. D., & others. (2022). Uji Kelalaian Medis: Sebuah Kajian Literatur. Indonesian Journal of Legal and Forensic Sciences, 12(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.24843/IJLFS.2022.v12.i01.p02
Yuanitasari, D., Kusmayanti, H., & Suwandono, A. (2023). A comparison study of strict liability principles implementation for the product liability within Indonesian consumer protection law between Indonesia and United States of America law. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2246748
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Rahmawesih Rahmawesih, Arman Lany
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).