Modal Sosial Kognitif dalam Pengelolaan Parak dan Rimbo di Sumatera Barat


Ferdinal Asmin(1*)

(1) Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The cognitive elements of social capital need to be elaborated to understand the community-based forest management, such as the practice of parak and rimbo in the Koto Malintang and Simancuang communities. This study aims to identify and describe these cognitive elements. The research method used was case study method with constructivism paradigm. The data was collected using interview, observation, and document review techniques. Cognitive social capital can be developed through local ecological knowledge that has become part of Minangkabau customs and culture. The results showed that cognitive elements in the form of norms, values, beliefs and attitudes can describe how the community plans, utilizes, and controls the forest resource management. The identification of these cognitive elements shows that people pay attention to the principles of sustainability, justice, ability, security, profit, opportunity, and well-being.


Keywords


Norms; Values; Beliefs; Attitudes; Forest management

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adom, D., Yeboah, A., & Ankrah, A. K. (2016). Constructivism philosophical paradigm: Implication for research, teaching and learning. Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(10), 1–9.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888

Amineh, R. J., & Asl, H. D. (2015). Review of constructivism and social constructivism. Journal of Social Sciences, Literature and Languages, 1(1), 9–16.

Ansari, S., Munir, K., & Gregg, T. (2012). Impact at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’: The role of social capital in capability development and community empowerment. Journal of Management Studies, 49(4), 813–842. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01042.x

Asmin, F. (2015). Pengelolaan hutan nagari di Sumatera Barat: Studi kasus areal kelola hutan nagari di Jorong Simancuang Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional FMIPA Universitas Terbuka, 89–112. https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i2.5856

Asmin, F. (2018). Konstruksi modal sosial bagi pengelolaan hutan berbasis masyarakat: Sebuah kerangka konseptual. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 7(1), 32–45. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v7i1.13301

Asmin, F., Darusman, D., Ichwandi, I., & Suharjito, D. (2016). Local ecological knowledge on forest clearing: A case study of parak and rimbo practices in Simancuang Community, Indonesia. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 8(2), 208–220. https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i2.5856

Asmin, F., Darusman, D., Ichwandi, I., & Suharjito, D. (2017). Elaborating the attributes of local ecological knowledge: A case study of parak and rimbo practices in Koto Malintang Village. Advanced Science Letters, 23(4), 2812–2817. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7682

Asrina, M., Gunawan, A., & Aris, M. (2017). Identification of Minangkabau landscape characters. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 91(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/91/1/012018

Axelrod, R. (1986). An evolutionary approach to norms. The American Political Science Review, 80(4), 1095–1111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400185016

Bapedalda Sumbar. (2015). Buku Data Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tahun 2014. Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat.

bin Haron, M. S., & Hanifuddin, I. (2018). Harta dalam konsepsi adat Minangkabau. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1234/juris.v11i1.947

Borg, R., Toikka, A., & Primmer, E. (2015). Social capital and governance: A social network analysis of forest biodiversity collaboration in Central Finland. Forest Policy and Economics, 50, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.06.008

BPBD Sumbar. (2015). Laporan tahunan PUSDALOPS PB badan penanggulangan bencana daerah (BPBD) Provinsi Sumatera Barat 2015. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat.

Bussey, J., Davenport, M. A., Emery, M. R., & Carroll, C. (2016). “A lot of it comes from the heart”: The nature and integration of ecological knowledge in tribal and nontribal forest management. Journal of Forestry, 114(2), 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-130

Castiglione, D. (2008). Introduction: Conceptual issues in social capital theory. Dalam D. Castiglione, J. van Deth, & G. Wolleb (Eds.), The handbook of social capital (hal. 13–21). Oxford University Press.

Chaiklin, H. (2011). Attitudes, behavior, and social practice. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 38(1), 31-54.

Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and livelihoods: Whose reality counts? Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 173–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789500700106

Chambers, R., & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century (No. 296). Institute of Development Studies (UK).

Charnley, S., Fischer, A., & Jones, E. (2008). Traditional and local ecological knowledge about forest biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Chaskin, R., Goerge, R., Skyles, A., & Guiltinan, S. (2006). Measuring social capital: An exploration in community-research partnership. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(4), 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20111

Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. Dalam D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (hal. 151–192). McGraw-Hill.

David, W., & Ploeger, A. (2014). Indigenous knowledge (IK) of water resources management in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 2(1), 40–44.

Ekawati, S., & Nurrochmat, D. (2014). Hubungan modal sosial dengan pemanfaatan dan kelestarian hutan lindung. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, 11(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.20886/jakk.2014.11.1.40-53

Eric, E. (2019). Hubungan antara hukum Islam dan hukum adat dalam pembagian warisan di dalam masyarakat Minangkabau. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni, 3(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.24912/ jmishumsen.v3i1.3532

Esser, H. (2008). The two meaning of social capital. Dalam D. Castiglione, J. van Deth, & G. Wolleb (Eds.), The handbook of social capital (hal. 22–49). Oxford University Press.

Fahmi, I., Takwin, B., & Muhamad, R. (2019). Nilai moral sebagai prediktor orientasi politik pada anggota organisasi keagamaan. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(2), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i2.6260

Felício, J. A., Couto, E., & Caiado, J. (2014). Human capital, social capital and organizational performance. Management Decision, 52(2), 350-364. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-04-2013-0260

Firdaus, D. R. S. (2019). The coexistence between matrilineal family structures and the religious order of the Minangkabau community. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 4(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v4i1.223

Forrest, R., & Kearns, A. (2001). Social cohesion, social capital and the neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2125–2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120087081

Fransiska, L., Tjahjono, B., & Gandasasmita, K. (2017). Studi geomorfologi dan analisis bahaya longsor di Kabupaten Agam, Sumatera Barat. Buletin Tanah dan Lahan, 1(1), 51–57.

García-Amado, L. R., Pérez, M. R., Iniesta-Arandia, I., Dahringer, G., Reyes, F., & Barrasa, S. (2012). Building ties: Social capital network analysis of a forest community in a biosphere reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. Ecology and Society, 17(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04855-170303

Gibson, C., Williams, J., & Ostrom, E. (1999). Social capital and the governance of forest resources. Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, 12. Indiana University. http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/4454

Gorriz-Mifsud, E., Secco, L., Da Re, R., Pisani, E., & Bonet, J. A. (2017). Structural social capital and local-level forest governance: Do they inter-relate? A mushroom permit case in Catalonia. Journal of Environmental Management, 188, 364–378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.072

Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Dalam N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (hal. 105–117). Sage.

Hakimy, I. (1982). Pegangan penghulu di Minangkabau. PN Balai Pustaka.

Hamzah, Suharjito, D., & Istomo. (2015). Efektifitas kelembagaan lokal dalam pengelolaan sumber daya hutan pada masyarakat Nagari Simanau, Kabupaten Solok. Risalah Kebijakan Pertanian dan Lingkungan, 2(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.20957/jkebijakan.v2i2.10979

Hermayulis, H. (2002). Pengaruh perubahan penguasaan tanah dan susunan pemerintahan di daerah terhadap hubungan kekerabatan matrilineal Minangkabau. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 32(4), 376–395. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol32.no4.1357

Jaenudin, U., & Tahrir, T. (2019). Studi religiusitas, budaya sunda, dan perilaku moral pada masyarakat kabupaten Bandung. JPIB : Jurnal Psikologi Islam dan Budaya, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v2i1.3445

Kandori, M. (1992). Social norms and community enforcement. The Review of Economic Studies, 59(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297925

Karney, B. R., McNulty, J. K., & Bradbury, T. N. (2003). Cognition and the development of close relationships. Dalam G. Fletcher & M. Clark (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes (hal. 32–59). Blackwell Publishing.

Kosasih, A. (2013). Upaya penerapan nilai-nilai adat dan syarak dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan nagari. Humanus, 12(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.24036/jh.v12i2.4030

Koskei, B., & Simiyu, C. (2015). Role of interviews, observation, pitfalls and ethical issues in qualitative research methods. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research, 2(3), 108–117.

Lauer, M., & Aswani, S. (2009). Indigenous ecological knowledge as situated practices: Understanding fishers’ knowledge in the Western Solomon Islands. American Anthropologist, 111(3), 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01135.x

Liang, Q., Huang, Z., Lu, H., & Wang, X. (2015). Social capital, member participation, and cooperative performance: Evidence from China’s Zhejiang. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 18(1), 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.197768

Mackie, G., Moneti, F., Shakya, H., & Denny, E. (2014). What are social norms? How are they measured. UNICEF/ University of California, San Diego, Center on Global Justice.

Magno, F. (2001). Forest devolution and social capital: State-civil society in the Philippines. Environmental History, 6(2), 264–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985087

Martial, T. (2011). Studi empiris dan implikasi penerapan konsep “tree tenure” di Sumatera Barat. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 27(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v27i2.321

Martial, T., Helmi, Effendi, N., & Martius, E. (2012). Land and tree tenure rights on agroforestry (parak) system at communal land in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 486–494. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD11.120

Michon, G., Mary, F., & Bompard, J. (1986). Multistoried agroforestry garden system in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems, 4(4), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00048106

Mistry, J., & Berardi, A. (2016). Bridging indigenous and scientific knowledge. Science, 352(6291), 1274–1275. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1160

Moravcsik, A. (2014). Transparency: The revolution in qualitative research. PS: Political Science & Politics, 47(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096513001789

Mulyana, A., Iskandarsyah, A., Siswadi, A. G. P., & Srisayekti, W. (2019). Social value orientation on corruption prisoners. MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 35(1), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v35i1.4479

Nababan, E. J. K., Qurniati, R., & Kustanti, A. (2016). Modal sosial pada pengelolaan dan pelestarian hutan mangrove di Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 4(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Nath, T. K., Inoue, M., & Pretty, J. (2010). Formation and function of social capital for forest resource management and the improved livelihoods of indigeneous people in Bangladesh. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 3, 104–122.

Nescolarde-Selva, J. A., Usó-Doménech, J.-L., & Gash, H. (2017). What are ideological systems? Systems, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010021

Nursidah, N., Nugroho, B., Darusman, D., Rusdiana, O., & Rasyid, Y. (2012). Institutional development to build a succesfull local collective action in forest management from Arau watershed unit management area, West Sumatera. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika (Journal of Tropical Forest Management), 18(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.18.1.18

Octavia, D., & Rachmat, H. H. (2020). Promoting agroforestry model in increasing land cover to sustain community livelihood in Paru Village Forest. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 449, 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/449/1/012011

Oki, A. (1984). The dynamics of subsistence economy in West Sumatra. SENRI Ethnological Studies, 13, 267–291.

Ortiz, B., Donate, M. J., & Guadamillas, F. (2016). Relational and cognitive social capital: Their influence on strategies of external knowledge acquisition. Procedia Computer Science, 99, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.103

Otsuka, M. (2009). Impacts of farmers’ land use on natural forest conversion: A case study from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Tropics, 18(3), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.18.155

Oun, M. A., & Bach, C. (2014). Qualitative research method summary. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 1(5), 252–258.

Owen, G. T. (2014). Qualitative methods in higher education policy analysis: Using interviews and document analysis. The Qualitative Report, 19(52), 1–19.

Payne, G. T., Moore, C. B., Griffis, S. E., & Autry, C. W. (2011). Multilevel challenges and opportunities in social capital research. Journal of Management, 37(2), 491–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310372413

Qu, S., & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 8(3), 238–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111162070

Ramón-Hidalgo, A.-E., Kozak, R. A., Harshaw, H. W., & Tindall, D. B. (2018). Differential effects of cognitive and structural social capital on empowerment in two community ecotourism projects in Ghana. Society & Natural Resources, 31(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2017.1364454

Rangkoto, N. M. (1982). Pantun adat Minangkabau. Balai Pustaka.

Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128(6), 934-960. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934

Roslinda, E., Ekyastuti, W., & Kartikawati, S. M. (2017). Social capital of community forest management on Nusapati village, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 18(2), 548–554. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180215

Rozi, S. (2017). Local wisdom and natural disaster. El Harakah, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v19i1.3952

Ruff, C. C., Ugazio, G., & Fehr, E. (2013). Changing social norm compliance with noninvasive brain stimulation. Science, 342(6157), 482–484. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241399

Safitri, I., Winarso, H., & Zulkaidi, D. (2016). The transformation of Nagari (village) Kurai V Jorong into Bukittinggi city, Indonesia. Dalam I. Ngah & K. H. Kamarudin (Eds.), Advancing inclusive rural development and transformation in a challenging environment (hal. 529–537). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Santhyami, Basukriadi, A., Patria, M. P., & Abdulhadi, R. (2018). The comparison of aboveground C-stock between cocoa-based agroforestry system and cocoa monoculture practice in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 19(2), 472–479. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190214

Schumpeter, J. (1909). On the concept of social value. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 23(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882798

Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(1), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6

Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116

Stark, A. (2014). Sometimes the government must solve the case: The example of a Minangkabau land conflict. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 111–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.11634%2F232907811402523

Suharjito, D. (2014). Pengantar metode penelitian. PT Penerbit IPB Press.

Sumilia, S., Akhir, N., & Syarif, Z. (2019). Plant diversity in various agroforestry system based on cocoa in Pasaman, West Sumatra. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 4(2), 402–406. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/4.2.22

Sweetman, J., Maio, G. R., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Livingstone, A. G. (2019). Attitude toward protest uniquely predicts (normative and nonnormative) political action by (advantaged and disadvantaged) group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 115–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2019.01.001

Szulecka, J., & Secco, L. (2014). Local institutions, social capital and their role in forest plantation governance: Lessons from two case studies of smallholder plantations in Paraguay. International Forestry Review, 16(2), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554814811724810

Tanjung, N. S., Sadono, D., & Wibowo, C. T. (2017). Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan hutan nagari di Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 13(1), 14-30. https://doi.org/10.25015/penyuluhan.v13i1.12990

Tasri, E. S., Muslim, I., & Karimi, K. (2020). The effect of economic factors on the level of disasters that occur in the area of West Sumatra. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 485(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/485/1/012110

Teilmann, K. (2012). Measuring social capital accumulation in rural development. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.10.002

Tono, S., Syibly, M. R., Mu’allim, A., Nurozi, A., & Purwanto, M. R. (2019). The harmonious relationship between Minangkabau custom and Islam in the distribution of inheritance. Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), 39–55..

Tsirogianni, S., & Gaskell, G. (2011). The role of plurality and context in social values. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 41(4), 441–465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5914.2011.00470.x

Uphoff, N. (2000). Understanding social capital: Learning from the analysis and experience of participation. Dalam P. Dasgupta & I. Serageldin (Eds.), Social capital: A multifaceted perspective (hal. 215–249). World Bank.

Usó-Doménech, J. L., & Nescolarde-Selva, J. (2016). What are belief systems? Foundations of Science, 21(1), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-015-9409-z

Usó-Doménech, Josep Lluis, Nescolarde-Selva, J., & Gash, H. (2015). Guest editorial: Belief systems and science. Cybernetics and Systems, 46(6–7), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969722.2015.1038471

Valsiner, J. (2003). Interaction and development: Accounting for emergence. Dalam C. Raeff & J. B. Benson (Eds.), Social and cognitive development in the context of individual, social, and cultural processes (hal. 13–34). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Van Rijn, F., Bulte, E., & Adekunle, A. (2012). Social capital and agricultural innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Systems, 108, 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.12.003

Villamor, G. B., Akiefnawati, R., Van Noordwijk, M., Desrianti, F., & Pradhan, U. (2015). Land use change and shifts in gender roles in central Sumatra, Indonesia. International Forestry Review, 17(4), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815816086444

von Benda-Beckmann, F. (2013). Property in social continuity: Continuity and change in the maintenance of property relationships through time in Minangkabau, West Sumatra (Vol. 86). Springer Science & Business Media.

von Benda-Beckmann, F., & von Benda-Beckmann, K. (2012). Islamic law in a plural context: The struggle over inheritance law in colonial West Sumatra. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 55(4–5), 771–793. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341269

Webb, E. L. (2017). Rural household participation in illegal timber felling in a protected area of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Dalam Redefining Diversity & Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 4 (hal. 173–188). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-805451-2.00014-4

Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25(4), 41–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00619.x

Wilson, V. (2012). Research methods: Interviews. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 7(2), 96–98. https://doi.org/10.18438/B89P5B

Wulandari, C., Herwanti, S., & Febryano, I. G. (2018). Peran kelembagaan nagari dalam pengelolaan hutan di Nagari Sirukam, Kabupaten Solok. Gorontalo Journal of Forestry Research, 1(2), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.32662/gjfr.v1i2.368

Yamaki, K. (2016). Role of social networks in urban forest management collaboration: A case study in northern Japan. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 18, 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.009




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jpib.v3i2.8642

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Ferdinal Asmin

Lihat Statistik View MyStat

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.