Regional Women’s Economic Participation: A Systematic-based Review of Structural Economic Transformation in Indonesia


Endah Prihatiningtyastuti(1*)

(1) Curtin University, Australia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This article draws upon available works of literature to argue that the regional women’s economic participation in structural economic transformation in Indonesia has been challenged continuously by cultural and structural factors. This reviewed article aims at providing several scientific publications on a related topic to map the available sources in understanding the contribution of women in the economic sector as well as the challenges they faced. This review paper employs a qualitative method with a systematic review of certain works related to women’s participation in the economic sector. This review paper aims to provide a conceptual framework and navigation for further research conducted in a related field study. This article also synthesising an overview of the current study. By analysing reports, statistics, and prior works on this women’s participation and transition into formal employment issues, this article finds Indonesian women are still less involved in the labour force and labour market than men. Socio-cultural and structural barriers contribute to the low participation of women in the economy. Such barriers include career interruption of childbirth and childcare responsibility, less education and skills, care services that the women involved considered secondary, low wage, unsupported gender-based regulations, and low support to gender equality.

Keywords


Economy; gender; labour; regional; women

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adams, A. V. (2011). The Role of Skills Development in Overcoming Social Disadvantage (No. 2012/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/04).

Adamson, C. (2007). Gendered anxieties: Islam, women’s rights, and moral hierarchy in Java. Anthropological Quarterly, 5–37.

Adriana, N., S., Siregar, S., Haris, S., Yanuarti, A., & Budiatri, L. A. (2012). Women’s representation in Parliament “The Performance of Women Legislator: Measuring the Contribution of Multi-Party System Toward The Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia.” Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.

Alisjahbana, A. S., & Manning, C. (2006). Labour market dimensions of poverty in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 42(2), 235–261.

Asian Development Bank. (2006). Country Gender Assessment: Indonesia. Manila.

Atwell, A. (2006). The Impact of A Leadership Training Program on School Based Management and School Community Action in Praya Barat Daya, Lombok, Indonesia. University of Southern Queensland, Australia.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2011). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia Agustus 2011. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja Di Indonesia Agustus 2017. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2018. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.

Blackburn, S. (2004). Women and the state in modern Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Booth, A. (2016). Women, Work and the Family: Is Southeast Asia Different? Economic History of Developing Regions, 31(1), 167–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2015.1132624

Brockman, J. D. (2014, April). The services sector is the fastest-growing sector in the Indonesian economy. International Trade Forum. Retrieved from http://www.tradeforum.org/article/Indonesian-services-sector-finds-its-voice/

Budiatri, A. P. (2016). Perbandingan Peran dan Kinerja Anggota Legislatif Laki-Laki dan Perempuan dalam Proses Legislasi Undang- Undang yang Responsif Gender. Kajian, 16(3), 466–492.

Cabinet Secretariat. (2019). Di Hadapan Para Pemimpin G20, Presiden Jokowi Angkat Isu Pemberdayaan Perempuan. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from Cabinet Secretariat website: https://setkab.go.id/di-hadapan-para-pemimpin-g20-presiden-jokowi-angkat-isu-pemberdayaan-perempuan/

Cameron, L., Suarez, D. C., & Rowell, W. (2019). Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: Why Has it Stalled? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(2), 157–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1530727

Comola, M., & De Mello, L. (2009). The determinants of employment and earnings in Indonesia: A multinomial selection approach (No. 690). OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/18151973

Cueva Beteta, H. (2006). What is missing in measures of women’s empowerment? Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 221–241.

Cunningham, W. V., & Villaseñor, P. (2016). Employer Voices, Employer Demands, and Implications for Public Skills Development Policy Connecting the Labor and Education Sectors. The World Bank Research Observer, 31(1), 102–134. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkv019

Debebe, G. (2009). Transformational learning in women’s leadership development training. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 29.

Dewi, Y., & Rachmawati, R. (2014). Leadership development experiences of women leaders in state-owned enterprises in Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 167–181.

Dhewy, A. (2018). Women and The Care Economy. Jurnal Perempuan, 23(4).

Djajadiningrat-Nieuwenhuis, M. (1987). Ibuism and priyayization: Path to power? In E. Locher-Scholten & A. Niehof (Eds.), Indonesian women in focus: Past and present notions (Vol. 127, p. 43). Dordrecht: Foris Publications.

Elson, D. (2000). The progress of women: Empowerment and economics. The Progress of the World’s Women. New York: UNIFEM.

Elson, Diane, & Sharp, R. (2010). Gender-responsive budgeting and women’s poverty. Adelaide: Edward Elgar.

Feridhanusetyawan, T., Aswicahyono, H., & Perdana, A. A. (2001). The male-female wage differentials in Indonesia. Economics Working Paper Series, 59, 1–22.

Fernandez, A., Della Giusta, M., & Kambhampati, U. S. (2015). The intrinsic value of agency: The case of Indonesia. World Development, 70, 92–107.

Folbre, N. (2006). Measuring care: Gender, empowerment, and the care economy. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 183–199.

Folbre, N. (2008). Reforming care. Politics & Society, 36(3), 373–387.

Ford, M. (2017). Indonesia: Middle-class complicity and state failure to provide care. In Women, Work and Care in the Asia-Pacific (pp. 71–86). London: Routledge.

Ford, M. (2018). Investing in women: Indonesia country context paper. Retrieved from https://investinginwomen.asia/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Investing-in-Women-Indonesia-Country-Context-Paper-1-1.pdf

Ford, M., & Parker, L. (2008). Women and work in Indonesia (Vol. 5). London: Routledge.

Geertz, H. (1961). The Javanese Family—A Study of Kinship and Socialization. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc.

Gender Institute. (2013). Advice to Indonesian Government on the draft bill on Gender Equality.

Halim, D., Johnson, H., & Perova, E. (2017). Could childcare services improve women’s labor market outcomes in Indonesia? Washington, DC.

Hartl, M. (2009). Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and skills development for poverty reduction – do rural women benefit? Workshop on Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty.

Hayati, E. N., Högberg, U., Hakimi, M., Ellsberg, M. C., & Emmelin, M. (2011). Behind the silence of harmony: risk factors for physical and sexual violence among women in rural Indonesia. BMC Women’s Health, 11(1), 52.

Hermawati, T. (2007). Budaya Jawa dan kesetaraan gender. Jurnal Komunikasi Massa, 1(1), 18–24.

Hillman, B. (2018). The limits of gender quotas: women’s parliamentary representation in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 48(2), 322–338.

ILO. (2013). Labour and social trends in Indonesia 2013: Reinforcing the role of decent work in equitable growth. Jakarta.

ILO. (2018). World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2018: Employment in Asia-Pacific continues to grow but often remains of poor quality. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from International Labour Organization website: https://www.ilo.org/asia/media-centre/news/WCMS_615872/lang--en/index.htm

JICA. (2011). Country Gender Profile: Indonesia. Tokyo. Retrieved from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/thematic_issues/gender/background/pdf/e10ind.pdf

Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464.

Kabeer, N. (2012). Women’s economic empowerment and inclusive growth: labour markets and enterprise development. International Development Research Centre, 44(10), 1–70.

Kevane, M., & Levine, D. I. (2000). The changing status of daughters in Indonesia.

Kompas. (2014). “Nawa Cita”, 9 Agenda Prioritas Jokowi-JK. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from Kompas website: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/21/0754454/.Nawa.Cita.9.Agenda.Prioritas.Jokowi-JK

Kusujiarti, S. (1997). Antara ideologi dan transkrip tersembunyi: Dinamika hubungan gender dalam masyarakat Jawa. In I. Abdullah (Ed.), Sangkan Paran Gender. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Lockley, A., Marcoes, L., Nugroho, K., & Boang-Manalu, A. G. (2019). Women’s Collective Action for Empowerment in Indonesia. Jurnal Perempuan, 24(1), 13–26.

Matsumomoto, M. (2016). Women’s Employment in Indonesia Gaining More from Structural Transformation. India: Sage Publication.

Mayoux, L. (1998). Women’s Empowerment and Micro-Finance Programmes Approaches, Evidence and Ways Forward.

McCarthy, J. F., Steenbergen, D., Acciaioli, G., Baker, G., Lucas, A., Rambe, V., & Warren, C. (2014). 10 Dilemmas of participation: the National Community Empowerment Program. Reg. Dyn. a Decentralized Indones, 501, 233.

Minister of National Development Planning. (2017). The National Medium Term Development Plan 2015-2019. Jakarta: Minister of National Development Planning.

Moser, C. (1994). Women, Human Settlements and Housing. London/New York: Tavistock Publications.

Nansereko, S. C. (2010). A gender perspective to value chain analysis for wood-furniture industry upgrading: a case of Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia. Copenhagen University, Denmark.

Newberry, J. (2014). Women against children: Early childhood education and the domestic community in post-Suharto Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia, 2(2), 271–291.

Nilan, P. (2008). Youth transitions to urban, middle-class marriage in Indonesia: faith, family and finances. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(1), 65–82.

Noerdin, E., Aripurnama, S., & Muchtar, Y. (2007). Decentralization as a Narrative of Opportunity for Women in Indonesia. Jakarta: Women Research Institute.

OHCHR. (2014). Reproductive and Care Functions: From Caring to Sharing. Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WG/ESL/BackgroundPaper5.pdf

Omar, S. (2014). Marriage in Islam: life partnership or discriminatory family set up? An analysis of some protective legal and moral Shariah provisions for women with special reference to Surah An-Nisa. An Analysis of Some Protective Legal and Moral Shariah Provisions for Women with Special Reference to Surah An-Nisa (September 5, 2014).

Platt, M. (2018). Migration, Moralities and Moratoriums: Female Labour Migrants and the Tensions of Protectionism in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 42(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2017.1408571

Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2019). Pidato Kenegaraan Presiden Republik Indonesia Dalam Rangka Hut Ke-74 Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: Presiden Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from https://aptika.kominfo.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Pidato-Kenegaraan-Jokowi-2019.pdf

Presiden Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 114 Tahun 2020 tentang Strategi Nasional Keuangan Inklusif. , (2020). Presiden Republik Indonesia.

Prihatiningtyastuti, E. (2018). The effects of gender mainstreaming policy on women, focusing on drinking water provision in Indonesia. University of Western Australia.

Pyle, J. L. (2006). Globalization and the increase in transnational care work: The flip side. Globalizations, 3(3), 297–315.

Robinson, K. (2008). Gender, Islam, and democracy in Indonesia. London: Routledge.

Schaner, S., & Das, S. (2016). Female labor force participation in Asia: Indonesia country study. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, (474).

Schüler, D. (2006). The uses and misuses of the Gender‐Related Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure: a review of the literature. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 161–181.

Setyonaluri, D. (2013). Women Interrupted: Determinants of Women’s Employment Exit and Return in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 50(3), 485–486.

Siahaan, A. Y. (2003). The politics of gender and decentralization in Indonesia. Budapest: Open Society Institute.

Sigiro, A. N. (2018). Care Economy and the Burden of Housewives’ Work in Indonesia. Jurnal Perempuan, 23(4), 249–258.

Sitepu, M. (2017). Mother’s Day: The Indonesian economy can be more prosperous if the mothers do not stop working. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from BBC Indonesia website: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42428508

Sohn, K. (2015). Gender discrimination in earnings in Indonesia: A fuller picture. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 51(1), 95–121.

Statista. (2019). Literacy rate in Indonesia from 2012 to 2019, by age group. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from Statista website: https://www.statista.com/statistics/703103/literacy-rate-by-age-group-in-indonesia/

Sullivan, N. (1994). Masters and managers: A study of gender relation in urban Java. New South Wales: Allen and Unwin.

Sullivan, Norma. (1991). Gender and Politics in Indonesia. In M. Stivens (Ed.), Why Gender Matters in Southeast Asian Politics. Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies Monash University Aristoc Press.

Suryakusuma, J. (2011). Ibuisme negara: Konstruksi sosial keperempuanan orde baru. Depok: Komunitas Bambu.

Suwarno, P. (2019). Equality in Education and Employment for Sustainable Development of Diverse Indonesia: Enhancing Equal Opportunity, Volunteerism, and Philanthropy. 1st Non-Formal Education International Conference, 1–8.

Tambunan, T. (2004). Globalisasi dan perdagangan internasional. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

Tandos, R. (2017). Protection and Empowerment for Indonesian Female Migrant Domestic Workers. State University of New York.

Tjandraningsih, I. (2018). Working, Housekeeping, and Organizing: The Patriarchal System in Three Women’s Living Spaces. Jurnal Perempuan, 23(4), 227–233.

Tjandraningsih, Indrasari. (2000). Gendered work and labour control: Women factory workers in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 24(2), 257–268.

UNDP. (2016). Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Briefing note for countries on the 2016. New York.

United Nation. (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. New York. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf

Utomo, A. J. (2012). Women as secondary earners: Gendered preferences on marriage and employment of university students in modern Indonesia. Asian Population Studies, 8(1), 65–85.

Van Eeuwijk, P. (2006). Old-age vulnerability, ill-health and care support in urban areas of Indonesia. Ageing & Society, 26(1), 61–80.

White, B. N. F., & Hastuti, E. L. (1980). Different and unequal: male and female influence in household and community affairs in two West Javanese villages. Bogor.

Widarti, D. (2004). Supporting potential women exporters: The case of Indonesia. In A Case Study for Supporting Potential Women Exporters CTI. Ottawa: APEC.

World Bank. (2012). Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific A Companion to the World Development Report. Washington. Retrieved from http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/270511468246373406/pdf/734380PUB0Box30ward0gender0equality.pdf

World Bank. (2016). Profortion of Seats held by Women in National Parliaments (%). Retrieved October 20, 2020, from World Bank website: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS

Yuliantini, L. (2018). Measuring the Autonomy of Female Family Heads in Savings and Loans Activities at a Microfinance Institution. Jurnal Perempuan, 23(4), 215–226.

Yumarni, T., & Amaratunga, D. (2015). Resource capability for local government in mainstreaming gender into disaster risk reduction: evidence from Indonesia. Genewa. Retrieved from http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27348/




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v5i2.10789

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Endah Prihatiningtyastuti

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.



Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya is Indexed By:

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journal) Dimensions Moraref Crossref SINTA Portal Garuda Indonesian Scientific Journal Database (ISJD) Google ScholarIndonesia One Search
------------

 

View My Stats

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.