Readiness of Human Resources Facing Demographic Bonus and Professional Revolution in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jpan.v17i2.44869Keywords:
Demographic Bonus, Formal and Vocational Education, Professional Revolution, SteamAbstract
Digitalization today has a significant impact on improving workforce competency standards. One aspect is the mastery and utilization of technology, which is now a benchmark for job providers in the recruitment process. Indonesia also faces the challenge of the demographic bonus phenomenon, where the number of productive workers increases but quality remains inadequate. Unlike previous studies that focused more on evaluating education as a factor shaping human resources, this study examines the relationship between the demographic bonus phenomenon and professional revolution as well as reasons behind low-quality human resources in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to provide solutions for human resource readiness in facing challenges posed by both demographic bonuses and professional revolutions in Indonesia. The researcher used a Systematic Literature Review Method by analyzing 36 Scopus and Sinta accredited journal articles sourced from Scopus and Google Scholar metadata through Publish or Perish (PoP). The results show two main problems: first, low quality of Indonesian human resources indicated by poor thinking skills; second, ineffectiveness of vocational high school education in producing competent workers due to their inability to optimize relationships with industries or employers. To overcome these problems, it is suggested to optimize STEAM learning and revitalize vocational schools while changing study duration to five years for Diploma II equivalent graduates like Thailand's vocational education system.
References
Adiandari, A. M. (2023). Navigating the Digital Society: Financial Literacy as a Tool for Empowerment. Khazanah Sosial, 5(4), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.15575/ks.v5i4.30792
Amartya Sen. (1999). DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM. https://kuangaliablog.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/amartya_kumar_sen_development_as_freedombookfi.pdf
An, S. (2020). The impact of STEAM integration on preservice teachers’ disposition and knowledge. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 13(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrit-01-2020-0005
Andriani, D. S., Putri, R. M., & Saputra, A. (2024). The effect of educational background on the quality of life of the pre-elderly population. Jurnal Biometrika Dan Kependudukan, 13(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v13i1.2024.80-89
Anindito Aditomo. (2022, February 15). Mengapa Kurikulum Merdeka. Pusat Standar Dan Kebijakan Pendidikan. https://pskp.kemdikbud.go.id/gagasan/detail/mengapa-kurikulum-merdeka
Ariansyah, K., Wismayanti, Y. F., Savitri, R., Listanto, V., Aswin, A., Ahad, M. P. Y., & Cahyarini, B. R. (2024). Comparing labor market performance of vocational and general school graduates in Indonesia: insights from stable and crisis conditions. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-024-00160-6
Arifa. (2024). Pengangguran lulusan sekolah menengah kejuruan. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/pusaka/files/isu_sepekan/Isu%20Sepekan---I-PUSLIT-November-2024-1953.pdf
Aslan Efe, H., & Hanas, K. (2022). Evaluation of STEM Education by Turkish Science Teachers. Dinamika Ilmu, 201–221. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v22i1.4618
Barabasch, A., Bohlinger, S., & Wolf, S. (2021). Reconstructing policy transfer in adult and vocational education and training. Research in Comparative and International Education, 16(4), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/17454999211062825
Bayumi, F. Q. A., & Hendrati, L. Y. (2019). Analysis of the influence of parenting style on traffic accident in senior high students using logistic regression. Jurnal Biometrika Dan Kependudukan, 8(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v8i2.2019.120-128
Becker, G. S. . (1993). Human capital : a theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. The University of Chicago Press. https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2008/2/IN77C/1/material_docente/bajar?id_material=182022
Bidang Pengelolaan Data Ketenagakerjaan. (2024). Ketenagakerjaan Dalam Data Edisi 2 Tahun 2024. https://satudata.kemnaker.go.id/satudata-public/2024/10/files/publikasi/1739254726990_KDD%25202%2520Tahun%25202024%2520Revisi.pdf
BKKBN. (2024). Laporan kependudukan indonesia 2024. https://digilib.bkkbnjateng.com/index.php?p=show_detail&id=689&keywords=
BPSDM Kominfo. (2023). Indeks Masyarakat Digital Indonesia.
Correia, M., Ribeirinha, T., Beirante, D., Santos, R., Ramos, L., Dias, I. S., Luís, H., Catela, D., Galinha, S., Arrais, A., Portelada, A., Pinto, P., Simões, V., Ferreira, R., Franco, S., & Martins, M. C. (2024). Outdoor STEAM Education: Opportunities and Challenges. Education Sciences, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070688
Hasibuan, H. Y., Yuhana, Y., Santosa, C. A. H. F., Syamsuri, S., & Wahyudin, U. (2023). Menyelisik penelitian terkait diagnostik kognitif materi matematika di Indonesia melalui systematic literatur review. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 12(2), 1762. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v12i2.6886
Herawati, L. I., Ulum, I., & Juanda, A. (2020). Pengungkapan modal intelektual perguruan tinggi vokasi di Indonesia berdasarkan instrumen akreditasi program studi (IAPS) 4.0. EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan), 4(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2020.v4.i1.4428
Ibarra-Olivo, J. E., Neise, T., Breul, M., & Wrana, J. (2024). FDI and human capital development: a tale of two Southeast Asian economies. Journal of International Business Policy, 7(3), 314–336. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-024-00186-3
Ilma, A. Z., Wilujeng, I., Widowati, A., Nurtanto, M., & Kholifah, N. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review of STEM Education in Indonesia (2016-2021): Contribution to Improving Skills in 21st Century Learning. Pegem Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 13(2), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.02.17
Jaedun, A., Omar, M. K., Kartowagiran, B., & Istiyono, E. (2020). A precedence evaluation of demand and supply between vocational high school graduates and workforce requirement in Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v24i1.29580
Kbri, A. P., Kedutaan, B., Republik, B., Bangkok, I., & Bangkok, T. B. (2014). Sistem Pendidikan di Thailand. https://atdikbudbangkok.org/Sistem-Pendidikan-di-Thailand.pdf
KELIK DEWANTO. (2024). Survei IMD: Peringkat daya saing SDM Indonesia ketiga di ASEAN. ANTARA. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4349531/survei-imd-peringkat-daya-saing-sdm-indonesia-ketiga-di-asean
kemendikbud. (2019). revitalisasi SMK dalam meningkatkan kompetensi dan keterampilan lulusan untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya alam lokal (venus ali et al., Ed.). Pusat Penelitian Kebijakan Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. https://pskp.kemdikbud.go.id/assets_front/images/produk/1-gtk/buku/Final_Cetak_01_Revitalisasi_SMK.pdf
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia. (2024). Pemerintah Tekankan Pentingnya Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Vokasi untuk Tingkatan Produktivitas dan Daya Saing SDM Indonesia. https://www.ekon.go.id/unduh/publikasi/5825/pemerintah-tekankan-pentingnya-pendidikan-dan-pelatihan-vokasi-untuk-tingkatan-produktivitas-dan-daya-saing-sdm-indonesia
Klorina, M. J., & Juandi, D. (2022). Kesulitan Belajar Matematika Siswa di Indonesia Ditinjau dari Self-Efficacy: Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Symmetry: Pasundan Journal of Research in Mathematics Learning and Education, 7(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.23969/symmetry.v7i2.6435
kominfo et al. (2020). Revolusi Industri 4.0. https://aptika.kominfo.go.id/2020/01/revolusi-industri-4-0/
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.07.001
Liao, X., Luo, H., Xiao, Y., Ma, L., Li, J., & Zhu, M. (2022). Learning Patterns in STEAM Education: A Comparison of Three Learner Profiles. Education Sciences, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090614
Lu, S. Y., Wu, C. L., & Huang, Y. M. (2022). Evaluation of Disabled STEAM-Students’ Education Learning Outcomes and Creativity under the UN Sustainable Development Goal: Project-Based Learning Oriented STEAM Curriculum with Micro:bit. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020679
Martha C. Nussbaum. (2011). Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2jbt31
Mochamad Rafli. (2024, October 1). Daya Saing SDM Indonesia Terbaik Ketiga di ASEAN. https://data.goodstats.id/statistic/daya-saing-sdm-indonesia-terbaik-ketiga-di-asean-xzeuP
Munthe, F., & Mataputun, Y. (2021). Analisis kerjasama sekolah dengan dunia usaha dan dunia industri dalam meningkatkan mutu lulusan sekolah menengah kejuruan. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 7(4), 586. https://doi.org/10.29210/020211479
Murtadlo, M. K. A., Oktafiani, D. A., & Faizah, H. (2024). Evaluasi Efektivitas Kurikulum Merdeka Sebagai Langkah Kritis Menuju Implementasi yang Optimal. EDUKATIF : JURNAL ILMU PENDIDIKAN, 6(5), 5564–5571. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v6i5.7052
NMC. (2015). Horizon Report > 2015 K-12 Edition. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED593612.pdf
Oktriyanto, Nasution, S. L., Pujihasvuty, R., Puspitasari, M. D., Amrullah, H., Murniati, C., Puspitawati, H., & Herawati, T. (2023). Family subjective well-being at the early of covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Jurnal Biometrika Dan Kependudukan, 12(1), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbk.v12i1.2023.112-123
Pusiknas Polri. (2024, July 16). Curat, Kejahatan Paling Sering Terjadi di 2024. Pusiknas Bareskrim POLRI. https://pusiknas.polri.go.id/detail_artikel/curat,_kejahatan_paling_sering_terjadi_di_2024
Rahma, D., Shinta Cornelia, O., Noviani, D., & Tarbiyah Dan Keguruan, F. (2023). Analisis Evaluasi Program Kurikulum 2013 dan Kurikulum Merdeka (Vol. 1, Issue 2). https://ejournal.lapad.id/index.php/jurbisman/article/view/184
Rahmah, L., Purwanta, E., Wijayanti, W., & Suhardiman, S. (2024). Navigating the Curriculum Landscape: The Impact of Curriculum 2013 and Merdeka Curriculum on Teachers’ and Students’ Learning Outcomes in Indonesia. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(6), 917–930. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i6.4061
Samil et al. (2022). Studi Literatur Mengenai Evaluasi Mutu Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan dengan Baldrige Excellence Framework . Jurnal Sains Dan Seni ITS Vol. 11, No. 1 (2022), 2337-3520, 11, 2337–3520. https://ejurnal.its.ac.id/index.php/sains_seni/article/view/70445/6995
Schmid, G. (1998). Transitional labour markets: a new European employment strategy. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-128858
Semarang, U. N., Hanik, K., Purnomo, S. E., & Yulianto, A. (2023). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana Inovasi Pendidikan dan Pendidikan Sekolah Vokasi Indonesia. http://pps.unnes.ac.id/pps2/prodi/prosiding-pascasarjana-unnes
Song, H. S., Kim, S. H., Song, Y. J., Yoo, P. R., Lee, J. Y., & Yu, H. (2019). Effect of STEAM Education Program Using Flexible Display. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 9(8), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2019.9.8.1266
Triono Subagyo. (2022, December 14). Rata-rata skor IQ anak Indonesia hanya mencapai 78,49. Antara News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3304443/rata-rata-skor-iq-anak-indonesia-hanya-mencapai-7849
Widana, I. W. (2021). Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa di Indonesia. Jurnal Elemen, 7(2), 450–462. https://doi.org/10.29408/jel.v7i2.3744
Xu, M., David, J. M., & Kim, S. H. (2018). The fourth industrial revolution: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Financial Research, 9(2), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v9n2p90
Yoana, Auwalin, I., & Rumayya. (2024). The role of vocational education on unemployment in Indonesia. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2340858
Yoto, Marsono, Suyetno, A., Mawangi, P. A. N., Romadin, A., & Paryono. (2024). The role of industry to unlock the potential of the Merdeka curriculum for vocational school. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2335820
Yuda, E. K., & Rosmilawati, I. (2024). Literasi Numerasi di Sekolah Dasar Berdasarkan Indikator PISA 2023; Systematic Literatur Review. Journal of Instructional and Development Researches, 4(3), 172–191. https://doi.org/10.53621/jider.v4i3.326
Yulianti, D., & Fitriansyah, A. (2024). Employment and Skill Development Initiatives in the Labor Markets : The Cases of Indonesia and Thailand. 39, 41–55. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379447178_Employment_and_Skill_Development_Initiatives_in_the_Labor_Markets_The_Cases_of_Indonesia_and_Thailand
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 muhammad ikhsan fahrezi fahrezi, Imelda Hutasoit, Annisa Rahmadanita
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license that allows others to share the work with acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., posting it to an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) prior to and during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges and earlier, greater citation of the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).