Analisis Neraca Air Tanah Berbasis Cropwat Untuk Perencanaan Tanam Melon Tadah Hujan Kabupaten Sumbawa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/j.agro.52004Keywords:
Cropwat Cropwat 8.0, neraca air tanah, Sumbawa, tadah hujanAbstract
Rainfall is the main limiting factor for melon production in rainfed areas. This study aimed to analyze soil water dynamics and determine the optimal planting time for melon based on soil water availability. The research was conducted in Labuhan Kuris Village, Lape District, Sumbawa Regency, from January-February 2025. The study adopted the Thornthwaite–Mather model to calculate the soil water balance using Cropwat 8.0. Monthly meteorological data from 2017 to 2024 in Sumbawa Regency were used to estimate evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, and to adjust planting time for melon under rainfed conditions. The results showed that the highest reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was recorded in September at 5,43 mm day-1, while the lowest occurred in January at 3,73 mm day-1. These variations were influenced by high relative humidity, low solar radiation intensity, and shorter sunshine duration. Water surplus occurred during January–February, whereas water deficit was observed from March to October. Melon planting in October resulted in a balanced water condition, as rainfall was still sufficient to meet crop water requirements. In contrast, planting in March led to water deficit due to high evapotranspiration and low precipitation. This condition induced water stress during the generative phase, resulting in reduced yield. Therefore, the optimal planting time is at the beginning of the rainy season (mid-October to early November), supported by supplemental irrigation, mulching, and biochar application to maintain soil moisture and promote sustainable agriculture in rainfed areas.
Keywords: Cropwat 8.0, Soil water balance, Sumbawa, rainfed agriculture
ABSTRAK
Hujan menjadi pembatas utama produksi melon di lahan tadah hujan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dinamika air tanah dan menentukan waktu tanam melon berdasarkan ketersediaan air tanah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Labuhan Kuris, Kecamatan Lape, Kabupaten Sumbawa dari bulan Januari-Februari 2025. Penelitian mengadopsi model Thornwaite Mather untuk menghitung neraca lengas tanah menggunakan Cropwat 8.0. Data menggunakan parameter meteorologi bulanan dari tahun 2017-2024 di Kabupaten Sumbawa untuk menghitung evapotranspirasi, kebutuhan air tanaman dan penyesuaian waktu tanam melon pada lahan tadah hujan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai evapotranspirasi referensi (ETo) tertinggi tercatat pada bulan September, yakni sebesar 5,43 mm hari-1, dan terendah terjadi pada bulan Januari sebesar 3,73 mm hari-1, yang dipengaruhi oleh tingginya kelembaban udara, rendahnya intensitas radiasi matahari, serta durasi penyinaran yang pendek. Surplus terjadi pada bulan Januari-Februari dan defisit terjadi mulai bulan Maret sampai dengan Oktober. Penanaman melon pada bulan Oktober menghasilkan neraca air seimbang karena curah hujan masih mampu memenuhi kebutuhan air tanaman, sedangkan penanaman pada bulan Maret mengalami defisit air akibat tingginya evapotranspirasi dan rendahnya presipitasi. Kondisi ini menyebabkan cekaman air pada fase generatif yang menurunkan hasil panen. Oleh karena itu, waktu tanam optimal adalah awal musim hujan (pertengahan Oktober–awal November) dengan dukungan irigasi suplementer, mulsa, dan biochar untuk menjaga kelembapan tanah serta menunjang pertanian berkelanjutan di daerah tadah hujan.
Kata Kunci: CropwatCropwat 8.0, neraca air tanah, Sumbawa, tadah hujan
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