Prediksi dan Verifikasi Hibrida Jagung Pulut Manis Berdaya Hasil Tinggi Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi Kernel, Biokimia, dan Molekuler

Sri Indrayani; Arya Widura Ritonga; Wahyuni

doi:10.15575/j.agro.54375

Authors

Sri Indrayani Program Studi Pemuliaan dan Bioteknologi Tanaman, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia
Arya Widura Ritonga Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
Wahyuni Pusat Riset Rekayasa Genetika Badan Riset dan Inovasi NasionalJalan Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, 16911, Jawa Barat, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-4552

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15575/j.agro.54375

Keywords:

analisis klaster, fenotipik, genotipik, heritabilitas, kernel

Abstract

Waxy sweet corn is a commodity with high economic value due to its distinctive taste and high sugar content; however, the availability of superior high-yielding hybrid varieties remains limited. This study aimed to predict and verify superior waxy sweet corn hybrids based on kernel morphology, biochemical, and molecular. The research was conducted at the Pasir Kuda Experimental Field, Bogor, and the BRIN Cibinong Genomics Laboratory. Parental lines were planted from November 2024 to March 2025 using five waxy corn inbred lines, two sweet corn inbred lines, while the first-generation (F1) hybrids were planted from July to October 2025 using two waxy sweet corn hybrid genotypes. The field experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with one factor and three replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, estimation of genetic parameters, variance components, broad-sense heritability, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, and cluster analysis. The results showed phenotypic variation in kernel color, shape, and size. In addition, the genetic coefficient of variation for glucose, fructose, and kernel length was classified as wide, while total soluble solids, kernel width, and kernel thickness were classified as moderate, and all characters exhibited high heritability values. Cluster analysis based on morphological, biochemical, and RAPD molecular marker characters separated the seven lines into two main groups. Hybrid H2 (JPM 12P3 × JPS 1361K1) showed the highest yield potential and can therefore be recommended as a prospective superior waxy sweet corn hybrid candidate.

Keywords: Cluster analysis, Genotypic, Heritability, kernel, Phenotypic

ABSTRAK

Jagung pulut manis merupakan komoditas bernilai ekonomi tinggi dengan cita rasa khas dan kandungan gula tinggi, namun ketersediaan varietas hibrida unggul berdaya hasil tinggi masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi dan memverifikasi hibrida jagung pulut manis unggul berdasarkan karakter morfologi kernel, biokimia, dan molekuler. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Pasir Kuda, Bogor, dan Laboratorium Genomik BRIN Cibinong. Penanaman tetua dilakukan pada bulan November 2024 sampai Maret 2025 menggunakan lima galur jagung pulut dan dua galur jagung manis, sedangkan Penanaman hibrida generasi pertama (F1) dilakukan pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2025 menggunakan dua genotipe hibrida jagung pulut manis. Percobaan lapangan menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dengan satu faktor dan tiga ulangan. Data diolah dengan menggunakan analisis ragam, pendugaan parameter genetik, komponen ragam, heritabilitas arti luas, koefisien keragaman genotipik dan fenotipik serta analisis kluster. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya keragaman fenotipik pada warna, bentuk, dan ukuran kernel. Selain itu, diperoleh informasi bahwa koefisien keragaman genetik pada karakter glukosa, fruktosa, dan panjang kernel tergolong dalam kategori luas, sedangkan karakter padatan terlarut total, lebar kernel, dan tebal kernel termasuk sedang serta seluruh karakter menunjukkan nilai heritabilitas tinggi. Analisis klaster yang didasarkan pada karakter morfologi, biokimia, dan marka molekuler RAPD memisahkan tujuh galur ke dalam dua kelompok utama. Hibrida H2 (JPM 12P3 × JPS 1361K1) menunjukkan potensi hasil tertinggi sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai kandidat hibrida jagung pulut manis prospektif.

Kata kunci: Analisis klaster, fenotipik, genotipik, Heritabilitas, kernel

References

Amiteye, S. (2021). Basic concepts and methodologies of DNA marker systems in plant molecular breeding. Heliyon, 7(10), 1–20. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08093

Bayisa, T., Tefera, H., & Letta, T. (2020). Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance among bread wheat genotypes at southeastern Ethiopia. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 9(4), 128. https://doi.org/10.11648/ j.aff.20200904.15

Behera, B., Sahu, S., Kar, R. K., & Pandey, R. K. (2018). Studies on genetic variability for some metric traits in slender grain rice genotypes. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(1), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1633

Bidyananda, N., Jamir, I., Nowakowska, K., Varte, V., Vendrame, W. A., Devi, R. S., & Nongdam, P. (2024). Plant Genetic Diversity Studies: Insights from DNA Marker Analyses. International Journal of Plant Biology, 15(3), 607–640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb 15030046

Buthelezi, L. G., Mavengahama, S., & Ntuli, N. R. (2019). Morphological variation and heritability studies of Lagenaria siceraria landraces from northern Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Biodiversitas, 20(3), 922–930. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200342

Chňapek, M., Balážová, Ž., Špaleková, A., Gálová, Z., Hromadová, Z., Číšecká, L., & Vivodík, M. (2024). Genetic diversity of maize resources revealed by different molecular markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 71(8), 4685–4703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-01908-5

Genesiska, G., Susanto, B., & Mulyono, M. (2020). Karakter fenotip tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) lokal varietas Pulut Sulawesi di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Plantropica: Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(1), 85–94.

Geng, X., Qu, Y., Jia, Y., He, S., Pan, Z., Wang, L., & Du, X. (2021). Assessment of heterosis based on parental genetic distance estimated with SSR and SNP markers in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC Genomics, 22(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07431-6

Heiba, S. A. A., El-Demerdash, I. S., & Rashad, S. E. (2023). Evaluation of Biological Control of Sorghum Strains Using Bacillus Thuringiensis and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Under Drought Stress. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 43(1), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz. v43iS1.1321

Heryanto, F. S. S., Wirnas, D., & Ritonga, A. W. (2022). Diversity of twenty-three sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) varieties in Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(11), 6075–6081. https://doi.org/ 10.13057/biodiv/d231164

Hidayat, R. (2019). Keragaman Genetik dan Heritabilitas Beberapa Karakter Kuantitatif Pada Populasi Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa L.) Generasi F2. Universitas Brawijaya.

Hikmah, L. M. K., Sudika, I. W., Yakop, U. M., Sutresna, I. W., & Anugrahwati, D. R. (2023). Perubahan sifat akibat silang diri pada generasi S1 populasi tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) di lahan kering. Agroteksos, 33(2), 634–644.

Hromadová, Z., Gálová, Z., Mikolášová, L., Balážová, Ž., Vivod’ik, M., & Chvnapek, M. (2023). Efficiency of RAPD and SCoT markers in the genetic diversity assessment of the common bean. Plants, 12(15), 2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152763

Hufford, M. B., Seetharam, A. S., Woodhouse, M. R., Chougule, K. M., Ou, S., Liu, J., others, & Dawe, R. K. (2021). De novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of 26 diverse maize genomes. Science, 373(6555), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.abg5289

Kandel, B. P. (2021). Status, prospect and problems of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in Nepal: a brief review. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 68(1), 1–10.

Krishna, T. P. A., Maharajan, T., Roch, G. V., Ramakrishnan, M., Ceasar, S. A., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2020). Hybridization and hybrid detection through molecular markers in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]. Journal of Crop Improvement, 34(3), 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1080 /15427528.2019.1709596

Li, X., Hu, Z., Yu, W., Xie, H., Wang, X., Huang, P., Zhang, X., & others. (2025). Advances and challenges in plant molecular marker technologies and their applications in the artificial intelligence empowered era. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1757949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1757949

Lucena-Aguilar, G., Sánchez-López, A. M., Barberán-Aceituno, C., Carrillo-Ávila, J. A., López-Guerrero, J. A., & Aguilar-Quesada, R. (2016). DNA source selection for downstream applications based on DNA quality indicators analysis. Biopreservation and Biobanking, 14(4), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2015.0064

Niklas, A., & Olszewska, D. (2021). Application of the RAPD technique to identify genetic diversity in cultivated forms of Capsicum annuum L. BioTechnologia, 102(2), 209. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2021.106523

Osipova, E. S., Koveza, O. V, Troitskij, A. V, Dolgikh, Y. I., Shamina, Z. B., & Gostimskij, S. A. (2003). Analysis of Specific RAPD and ISSR Fragments in Maize (Zea mays L.) Somaclones and Development of SCAR Markers on Their Basis. Russian Journal of Genetics, 39(12), 1412–1419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2019.1709596

Palijama, S., Breemer, R., & Topurmera, M. (2020). Karakteristik kimia dan fisik bubur instan berbahan dasar tepung jagung pulut dan tepung kacang merah. AGRITEKNO: Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian, 9(1), 20–27. https:// doi.org/10.30598/jagritekno.2020.9.1.20

Phulwaria, M., Rai, M. K., Patel, A. K., Kataria, V., & Shekhawat, N. S. (2012). A genetically stable rooting protocol for propagating a threatened medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus. AoB Plants, 5, pls054. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/pls054

Ritonga, A. W., Sulistyowati, D., Budiman, C., Zamzami, A., & Permatasari, O. S. I. (2023). Evaluasi Keragaman Genetik Berbagai Galur Murni Jagung Manis Untuk Penentuan Tetua Hibrida Evaluation of Genetic Variability In Various Sweet Corn Inbred Lines For Determining Hybrid Parents. Jurnal Agro, 10, 1. https://doi.org /10.15575/22932

Santos, M. D., Buso, G. C., & Torres, A. C. (2008). Evaluation of genetic variability in micropropagated propagules of ornamental pineapple [Ananas comosus var. bracteatus (Lindley) Coppens and Leal] using RAPD markers. Genetics and Molecular Research, 7(4), 1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.4238/vol7-4gmr489

Saputro, T. B., Dianawati, S., Sholihah, N. F., & Ermavitalini, D. (2017). Genetic diversity of improved salt tolerant calli of maize (Zea mays L.) using RAPD. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1854. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985424

Simarmata, M., & Rustikawati, R. (2015). Identifikasi Genetik Kultivar Padi Gogo dengan Menggunakan Marka RAPD. Akta Agrosia, 18(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31186/aa.18.2.1-10

Singh, R., Kashyap, S. P., Kumari, N., & Singh, M. (2016). Regeneration of soapnut tree through somatic embryogenesis and assessment of genetic fidelity through ISSR and RAPD markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 22(3), 381–389. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12298-016-0364-0

Stanfield, W. D. (1983). Theory and Problems of Genetics (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill, Schaum’s Outline Series.

Sudhir, S., Vel, S. V., Selvam, H., & Arunprasath, A. (2024). Using RAPD and ISSR markers to assess genetic diversity and conservation of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. for sustainable management on Kerala’s West Coast. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, 12(6), 105–111.

Tauhid, Y. I., & Murdono, D. (2024). Pengelompokan genotipe pada tanaman jagung pulut lokal (Zea mays L. var. ceratina) dengan seleksi tongkol ke baris. AGROTEK: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pertanian, 8(1), 98–104.

Trovato, L., Calvo, M., Marino, A., Betta, P. M. L., Mattia, C. L., & Scalia, G. (2025). Role of the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Detection in Typing {Malassezia pachydermatis} Strains from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Patients’ Clinical Isolates. Acta Microbiologica Hellenica, 70(4), 46. https://doi.org/10.12681/amh.XXXXX

Varshney, R. K., Sinha, P., Singh, V. K., Kumar, A., Zhang, Q., & Bennetzen, J. L. (2020). 5Gs for crop genetic improvement. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 56, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.004

Vieira, R. A., Nogueira, A. P. O., & Fritsche-Neto, R. (2025). Optimizing the selection of quantitative traits in plant breeding using simulation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1495662.

Yang, W., Feng, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Doonan, J. H., Batchelor, W. D., Xiong, L., & Yan, J. (2020). Crop phenomics and high-throughput phenotyping: past decades, current challenges, and future perspectives. Molecular Plant, 13(2), 187–214. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.molp.2020.01.008