The Concept of Time in Mulla Sadra's Philosophy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jaqfi.v9i2.39714Abstract
This article explains the concept of time in Mulla Sadra's Philosophy. Mulla Sadra is a philosopher who succeeded in establishing the third school of thought in Islamic philosophy. A fundamental problem in the philosophy of time is whether time is a real entity or merely a product of human perception of external reality. Does time exist because of external objects, or does it emerge alongside the presence of the possible being (al-Mumkin)? An analytical approach is used in this article to explore the structure of the concept of time developed by Mulla Sadra and the specific aspects that distinguish it from the views of previous philosophers.Mulla Sadra bases his explanation of time on the principles of Ashalat al-Wujud (the Primacy of Existence), Tasykik al-Wujud (the Gradation of Existence), and Harakat al-Jawhariyyah (the Essential Motion).For Mulla Sadra, time is included in Amr al-Wujudi, namely an element that is included in the part of being and being is a Single, gradative essence. Time is essentially Single with all physical objects so that everything that is physical is at the same time also enveloped by time.References
Abdullah, M. Amin. Multidisiplin, Interdisiplin, Dan Transdisiplin: Metode Studi Agama Dan Studi Islam Di Era Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: IB Pustaka, 2022.
———. “Religion, Science, and Culture: An Integrated, Interconnected Paradigm of Science.†Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 52, no. 1 (June 8, 2014): 175–203. https://doi.org/10.14421/AJIS.2014.521.175-203.
Abdurrahman, Taha. Al-‘Amal al-Dīnī Wa Tajdīd al-‘Aql. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-‘Arabi, 1997.
———. Su’Äl al-AkhlÄq: MusÄhamah FÄ« al-Naqd al-AkhlÄqÄ« Li al-HadÄthah al-Gharbiyyah. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-‘Arabi, 2000.
———. TajdÄ«d Al-Manhaj Wa TaqwÄ«m al-TurÄth. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-‘Arabi, n.d.
Ali, Yunasril. “Dualisme Pemikiran Sufistik Ibn Taymiyyah.†Kanz Philosophia: A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 155–74.
Amuli, Abdullah Jawadi. TasnÄ«m FÄ« TafsÄ«r Al-Qur’Än. Vol. 1. Qum: Dar al-Isra, 2011.
Amuli, Hasan Hasan Zadeh. Qur’Än Wa ‘IrfÄn Wa BurhÄn Az Ham JudÄ’ī NadÄrand. Teheran: Mu’assasah Mutala’at wa Tahqiqat Farhanggi, 1991.
———. Sarẖ ‘Uyūn Fī Sharẖ al-‘Uyūn. Qum: Markaz Intisharat Daftar Tablighat Islami, 2000.
Anas, Mohamad. “Exposing The Nature of Arab Islamic Reasoning and Its Influence Toward Indonesia (Experiment of the Approach of M. Abed al-Jabiri’s Post Structuralism).†Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 4, no. 01 (August 1, 2019): 39–58. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v4i01.826.
Anshori, Isa. “Kritik Epistemologi Islam Dalam Islamologi Terapan.†Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 5, no. 1 (June 5, 2015): 107–38. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2015.5.1.107-138.
Badri, Khairul Nizam Bin Zainal. “Sufism and Its Relationship with the Development of Human Potential.†Jurnal Ilmiah Iqra’ 15, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 187–96. https://doi.org/10.30984/jii.v15i2.1555.
Ben Hammed, Mohamed Wajdi. “(Dis)Enchanting Modernity: Sufism and Its Temporality in the Thought of Mohammed Abed al-Jabri and Taha Abdurrahman.†The Journal of North African Studies 26, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 552–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1697241.
Bunge, Mario. Evaluating Philosophies. Evaluating Philosophies. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0.
Cassan, Elodie. “‘A New Logic’: Bacon’s Novum Organum.†Perspectives on Science 29, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 255–74. https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00368.
Dow, Sheila C. “Methodological Pluralism and Pluralism of Method.†In Foundations for New Economic Thinking: A Collection of Essays, edited by Sheila C. Dow, 129–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137000729_8.
Eshkevari, Mohammad Fana’i. An Introduction to Contemporary Islamic Philosophy. London: MIU Press, 2012.
Eyadat, Zaid, Francesca M. Corrao, and Mohammed Hashas, eds. Islam, State, and Modernity: Mohammed Abed al-Jabri and the Future of the Arab World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Febriansyah, Denny, and Dawoud Sudqi el-Alami. “Moderate Islam Vis-a-Vis Salafism in Indonesia: An Ideological Competition.†Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 29, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 55–78. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.29.1.7212.
Gama, Cipta Bakti. Filsafat Jiwa: Dialektika Filsafat Islam Dan Filsafat Barat Kontemporer. Malang: Pustaka Sophia, 2018.
———. Fondasi Psikopatologi Islam: Inti Dan Ragam Dimensi Gangguan Jiwa Dalam Tinjauan Filsafat Dan Al-Qur’an. Malang: Pustaka Sophia, 2019.
———. “Ilmu Jiwa Falsafi Berbasis Al-Qur’an Sebagai Suatu Disiplin Ilmu.†Kanz Philosophia: A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 8, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 155–82. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v8i2.214.
———. “Studi Kritis Terhadap Teori Identitas Pikiran-Otak Mario Bunge: Perspektif Neo-Sadrian.†Kanz Philosophia : A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 4, no. 2 (February 23, 2014): 139. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v4i2.64.
Gonzalez, Wenceslao J., ed. Methodological Prospects for Scientific Research: From Pragmatism to Pluralism. Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2020.
Hallaq, Wael B. Ibn Taimiyya against The Greek Logicians. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
———. Reforming Modernity: Ethics and The New Human in The Philosophy of Abdurrahman Taha. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.
Hanafi, Hasan, and Mohammed Abed Jabiri. HiwÄr Al-Mashriq Wa al-Maghrib. Beirut: al-Mu’assasah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-Dirasat wa al-Nashr, 1990.
Harb, Ali. Naqd Al-Naṣṣ. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-‘Arabi, 2005.
Hasan, Noorhaidi. “Salafism in Indoensia: Transnational Islam, Violent Activism, and Cultural Resistence.†In Routeldge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, edited by Robert Hefner W. London: Routeldge, 2018.
Jabiri, Mohammed Abed. Naẖnu Wa Al-TurÄth. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-‘Arabi, 1993.
———. Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī (1): Takwīn al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī. Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wahdah al-‘Arabiyyah, 2009.
———. Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī (2): Bunyat al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī. Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wahdah al-‘Arabiyyah, 2009.
———. Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ« (3): Al-‘Aql al-SiyÄsÄ« al-‘ArabÄ«. Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wahdah al-‘Arabiyyah, 2000.
———. Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ« (4): Al-‘Aql al-AkhlÄqÄ« al-‘ArabÄ«. Beirut: Markaz Dirasat al-Wahdah al-‘Arabiyyah, 2001.
Jr, Karl De Schweinitz, Thomas R. De Gregori, Alfred Kuhn, and Walter C. Neale. “The Mystical World of Indonesia: Culture and Economic Development in Conflict.†Journal of Economic Issues, January 6, 2016. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00213624.1976.11503367.
Katimin, Katimin, Zainal Abidin, Adelina Nasution, and Ismail Fahmi Arrauf Nasution. “Toward Islamic Psychology: Understanding of Mental Illness from Qur’anic Verses.†AL QUDS : Jurnal Studi Alquran Dan Hadis 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 203–28.
https://doi.org/10.29240/alquds.v5i1.2482.
Kementerian Agama RI. Pedoman Implementasi Integrasi Ilmu Di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam (PTKI). Jakarta: Kementerian Agama RI, 2019.
Kersten, Carool. “Islamic Post-Traditionalism: Postcolonial and Postmodern Religious Discourse in Indonesia.†Sophia 54, no. 4 (August 2014): 473–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-014-0434-0.
Khasrupanah, Abdulhusayn, and Hasan Panahi Azad. NeẓÄm Ma‘Refat ShenÄsÄ« á¹¢adrÄ’ī. Teheran: Sazeman Intisharat Pazuheshgah Farhang wa Andisheh Islami, 2009.
Kuswanjono, Arqom. “Argumen Filosofis Integrasi Ilmu dan Agama Perspektif Pemikiran Mullâ Sadrâ.†Jurnal Filsafat 17, no. 3 (March 17, 2017): 324–49. https://doi.org/10.22146/jf.23091.
Muhammadun, Muhammadun. “Kritik Nalar Al-Jabiri ; Bayani, Irfani Dan Burhani Dalam Membangun Islamic Studies Integrasi-Interkoneksi.†Eduprof : Islamic Education Journal 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2019): 133–64. https://doi.org/10.47453/eduprof.v1i2.15.
Pernecky, Tomas, ed. Postdisciplinary Knowledge. London: Routledge, 2020.
Revonsuo, Antti. Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity. Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203859605.
Rukmana, Aan, and Sahrul Mauludi. “Peta Falsafat Islam Di Indonesia.†Ilmu Ushuluddin 2, no. 2 (July 2014): 143–62. https://doi.org/10.15408/ilmu-ushuluddin.v2i2.1009.
Sabzawari, Mulla Hadi. Syarẖ Al-Manẓūmah. Vol. 2. 4 vols. Teheran: Nashr Nab, 2001.
Shirazi, Sadruddin Muhammad. Al-Hikmah al-Muta‘Äliyah FÄ« al-AsfÄr al-‘Aqliyyah al-Arba‘ah. Vol. 1. 9 vols. Beirut: Dari al-Ihya al-Turath al-’Arabi, 2002.
Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn. Al-MÄ«zÄn FÄ« TafsÄ«r al-Qur’Än. Vol. 1. 22 vols. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-A’la li al-Matbu’at, 1997.
———. BidÄyat Al-Hikmah. Qum: Muassasah al-Ma’arfi al-Islamiyah, n.d.
Tarabichi, George. Naqd Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ« (1): IshkÄliyÄt al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ«. Beirut: Dar al-Saqi, 1998.
———. Naqd Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ« (2): Waẖdat al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ« al-IslÄmÄ«. Beirut: Dar al-Saqi, 2002.
———. Naqd Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī (3): Naẓariyat al-‘Aql. Beirut: Dar al-Saqi, 1996.
———. Naqd Naqd Al-‘Aql al-‘ArabÄ« (4): Al-‘Aql al-MustaqÄ«l FÄ« al-IslÄm. Beirut: Dar al-Saqi, 2004.
Tobgui, Carl Sharif El-. Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation. Leiden: Brill, 2020.
Umam, Fawaizul. “Revitalisasi Paradigma Kefilsafatan Dalam Tradisi Akademik Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam.†Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 5, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 404–30. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2015.5.2.404-430.
Walid, Kholid Al. “Husuli Dan Huduri Dalam Konteks Filsafat Hikmah Muta’aliyyah.†JURNAL YAQZHAN: Analisis Filsafat, Agama Dan Kemanusiaan 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 163–75. https://doi.org/10.24235/jy.v6i2.7117.
———. Perjalanan Jiwa Menuju Akhirat: Filsafat Eskatologi Mulla Shadra. Jakarta: Sadra Press, 2012.
Yazdi, Muhammad Taqi Misbah. Al-Manhaj al-Jadīd Fī Ta‘līm al-Falsafah. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Ta’aruf li al-Matbu’at, 1990.
———. Ma’Ärif-e Qur’Än (1-3): KhodÄ ShenÄsÄ«, KayhÄn ShenÄsÄ«, InsÄn ShenÄsÄ«. Qum: Mu’asseseh AmÅ«zeshi wa Pazuheshi Imam Khomeini, 1997.
———. MuẖÄwalat Al-Baẖth FÄ« al-‘IrfÄn al-IslÄmÄ«. Beirut: Dar al-Ta’aruf li al-Matbu’at, n.d.
Zamzami, Mukhammad. “Rekonstruksi Pemikiran Dan Posisi Sufi-Antisufi Ibn Taymīyah.†Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 30–63. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2017.7.1.30-63.
Zamzami, Mukhammad, Abdullah HosseiniEskandian, Hossein Gholizadeh, Mohammad Moradi Shariati, Muktafi Muktafi, and Abd A’la. “Physical and Spiritual Dimensions of Happiness in the Thought of Al-FÄrÄbÄ« and Ibn SÄ«nÄ.†Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism 10, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 229–48.
https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v10i2.8629.
Zulfata, Zulfata. “Gagasan Formasi Nalar Arab Ä€bid Al-JÄbirÄ« Dan Signifikansinya Untuk Rekonstruksi Nalar Aceh.†Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 320–31. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v15i2.548.
