An Politicization of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) Regarding ABRI’s Dual Function and Civilian Supremacy
Civilian Supremacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/ks.v7i1.44927Keywords:
Dwifunction ABRI, Civil Supremation, Mixed Methods, Integrity, Hybrid WarfareAbstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between the revision of Law Number 34 of 2004 and the issue of the return of ABRI's dual function and civil supremacy in the context of Indonesian democracy and reform. The mixed methods approach with SEM PLS-4 and NVivo 12 analysis is used to achieve that goal. The results of the analysis using NVivo 12 showed that ABRI's dwifunction would not return and civil supremacy was maintained because, legally, the TNI remained focused on its role as a tool of national defense. The civil government, through the Parliament and public supervision, has full authority to oversee the TNI so that the TNI still maintains its tested neutrality. The results of the SEM PLS-4 analysis show that the TNI Law's political variable on the issue of ABRI's dual function and civilian supremacy has a statistically significant effect, with a T-statistic value of 5.073 and P-value of 0.000 and a large effect on the model (F-square 0.489). The contribution of this research is to provide an understanding of the importance of a balance between freedom of opinion, politics, and the interests of national defense as a system that supports each other in the post-reform era, as well as in facing the challenges of reform and hybrid warfare towards Indonesia Gold Indonesia 2045. The limitations of this study lie in a limited time, which affects the depth of analysis and data scope so as to limit the perfection of the results of the research as a whole.
References
Akhter, M., Ahmed, A., Momen, M. A., Sultana, N., Sultana, S., & Ferdousi, F. (2024). Determinants of online merchants’ satisfaction on third party logistics in a developing nation: a partial least square (PLS) approach. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2382338.
Akustyo, B. R., & Samputra, P. L. (2025). Analysis of Assumptions from the Perspective of Democratic Resilience : the Expansion of Civilian Positions that Can Be Occupied by Active Military Personnel in the Revision of Law No . 34 / 2004 on the Indonesian National Defense Forces. 4(3), 1237–1256.
Alhabeeb, A. Y., Konbaz, F., Aleissa, S., Alhamed, G. S., Alhowaish, T. S., Alhamadh, M. S., Masuadi, E., Abalkhail, M., Alhelal, F., & Bourghli, A. (2024). Returning to Work After Traumatic Spine Fractures: Current Status in a Military Hospital. Military Medicine, 189(7–8), e1690–e1695. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae012
Ali Ginanjar Inpantri, Muhammad Ikbaarshaff Hasabi Siddiq, Maya Putri Jayanti, & Muhammad Ihsan Alhabsy. (2022). The Role and Development of the Function of ABRI (Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia) in the New Order Period. Social Impact Journal, 1(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.61391/sij.v1i2.21
Anwar, Salmah, H. K., & Fatkhurohman. (2024). Does the Indonesian National Army Develop Democracy and Human Rights? A Comparative Perspective. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 32(2), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v32i2.35017
Banerjee, V., & Webeck, S. (2022). Civil–Military Relations: Through a Perilous Lens. Armed Forces & Society, 50, 0095327X2211081. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X221108198
Besson, S., & Martí, J. L. (2018). Legitimate actors of international law-making: Towards a theory of international democratic representation. Jurisprudence, 9(3), 504–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2018.1442256
Brooks, R. (2020). Paradoxes of Professionalism. International Security, 44(4), 7–44.
Brooks, R., & Grewal, S. (2022). “Twice the Citizen”: How Military Attitudes of Superiority Undermine Civilian Control in the United States. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 66(4–5), 623–650. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211065417
Callahan, R. (2024). The Foundations of Civilian Supremacy: Civil-Military Relations during the American Civil War. Thesis, June.
Chawla, S., Sareen, P., Gupta, S., Joshi, M., & Bajaj, R. (2023). Technology enabled communication during COVID 19: analysis of tweets from top ten Indian IT companies using NVIVO. International Journal of Information Technology (Singapore), 15(4), 2063–2075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-023-01242-6
Deviani, E., Kusworo, D. L., Febbiazka, K., & Putri, M. E. (2024). Reciprocal Policy Reformulation of Placement of Indonesian National Army and Police in Certain Civilian Positions. 18(3), 569–586.
Dhakal, K. (2022). NVivo. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 110(2), 270.
Djuyandi, Y. (2023a). Democratic Discipline over the Soldiers : The Post-2004 Dynamic Mapping of Civilian Control over the Military in Indonesia. 1.
Djuyandi, Y. (2023b). Development of Military Role in Indonesian Government. Journal of Governance, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v8i3.20907
Dugas, M., Trottier, M.-È., Chipenda Dansokho, S., Vaisson, G., Provencher, T., Colquhoun, H., Dogba, M. J., Dupéré, S., Fagerlin, A., & Giguere, A. M. C. (2017). Involving members of vulnerable populations in the development of patient decision aids: a mixed methods sequential explanatory study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17, 1–11.
Elshaer, I. A., AboAlkhair, A. M., Fayyad, S., & Azazz, A. M. S. (2023). Post-COVID-19 Family Micro-Business Resources and Agritourism Performance: A Two-Mediated Moderated Quantitative-Based Model with a PLS-SEM Data Analysis Method. Mathematics, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/math11020359
Firnas, M. A. (2018). Indonesia’s Role in Myanmar’s Democratic Transition. 129(Icsps 2017), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsps-17.2018.17
Flavin, P. (2019). State government public goods spending and citizens’ quality of life. Social Science Research, 78, 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.11.004
Gironda, J. T. (2024). Review of advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Springer.
Gunawan, A. B. (2022). Under the shadow of army domination: Defense transformation in Indonesia. https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/32141/%0Ahttps://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/32141/1/Dissertation_ABGunawan_ComVer_082022.pdf
Hoda, N., Ahmad, N., Aldweesh, A., & Naveed, Q. N. (2023). Intensity of SNS use as a predictor of online social capital and the moderating role of SNS platforms: an empirical study using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Sustainability, 15(6), 4967.
Issue, S. (2025). The Intersection of Theory, Identity, and Security in PCVE (Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism). 33.
Kim, I., & Kuehn, D. (2022). The Ministry of National Defence in South Korea: Military dominance despite civilian supremacy? Journal of Strategic Studies, 45(6–7), 865–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2127092
Klaus, L. C. O. (2016). Transforming armed forces through military transparency: open government challenges in a world of secrecy. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 10(1), 99–119.
Lin, P., Wu, Q., & Wu, M. (2020). Fossicking for microbial defense system: novel antiviral immunity. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00423-0
M. Harlan Pariyatman, Adnan Madjid, Puguh Santoso, Pujo widodo, & Herlina Saragih. (2023). Defense Strategy In Dealing With Threats Of National Security. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 2(6), 1912–1916. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v2i6.513
Muhammad, F., Umiyati, S., & Rianto, B. (2023). Policy Implementation of Military Operations Tasks Other Than War Units Skadron-13/Serbu Puspenerbad in Acceleration of Handling of Covid-19 in Berau, East Kalimantan. International Journal of Social Science And Human Research, 06(01), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i1-96
Ng, J., & Kurniawan, Y. (2024). The Parliament and Cooperative Oversight of the Indonesian Armed Forces: Why Civil–Military Relations in Indonesia is Stable but Still in Transition. Armed Forces and Society, 50(3), 683–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X221137281
Penerapan, D., & Fifo, M. (2023). 1* , 2 1,2. 2, 17–23.
Pion-Berlin, D., & Dudley, D. (2020). Civil-Military Relations: What Is the State of the Field. Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_37-1
Prakasa, S. U. W. (2021). International Humanitarian Law Review on the Involvement of the Indonesian National Military (TNI) in Combating Terrorism. Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, 5(1), 63–83. https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v5i1.18469
Riza, M. F. (2020). Civilian Control of The Military in The Post-New Order Indonesia. International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art, 10(1), 29–43.
Rossen, J., Lucovnik, M., Eggebø, T. M., Tul, N., Murphy, M., Vistad, I., & Robson, M. (2017). A method to assess obstetric outcomes using the 10-Group Classification System: A quantitative descriptive study. BMJ Open, 7(7), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016192
Ruhyanto, A. (2016). The perils of prosperity approach in Papua. Peace Review, 28(4), 490–498.
S, A. P., & Supriyadi, A. A. (2024). Concept of counterterrorism prevention to support government policy in Indonesia. 1(2), 100–111.
Sarjono, S., & Ma’ruf, U. (2021). Legal Analysis Of Authority On Military Judges In Judging Of Indonesian National Army (TNI). Law Development Journal, 3(2), 371. https://doi.org/10.30659/ldj.3.2.371-377
Siregar, S. (2019). Indonesian National Police in Terrorism Handling Policy During Joko Widodo’s Government: Analysis of Role, Function and Evaluation. 367(ICDeSA), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.2991/icdesa-19.2019.20
Solihah, R., Witianti, S., & Ummah, M. (2019). Political perspective of Indonesian civil-military relation in the reform era. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 34–50.
Subagyo, A. (2023). TNI in Defense Diplomacy: Strengthening International Military Cooperation. Central European Management Journal , 31(1), 984–991. https://journals.kozminski.cem-j.org/index.php/pl_cemj/article/view/948
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Faonaso Harefa, Sovian Aritonang, Asep Adang Supriyadi, Cecilia F. Harsono
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).