Youth Participation in Indonesia’s Non-formal and Vocational Education Systems

Abstract

This study explores youth participation in non-formal education (NFE) and vocational training (VT) programs in Indonesia, focusing on the socio-economic, institutional, and perceptual factors that shape access and engagement. Using qualitative, document-based analysis grounded in multiple theoretical frameworks—including Human Capital, Capability, and Institutional Theories—the research identifies key enablers and barriers affecting youth involvement. Findings show that while flexible and community-based models can empower marginalized youth, challenges such as policy fragmentation, underfunding, social stigma, and limited credential recognition persist. Youth generally perceive these programs as practical and transformative, yet their success is dependent on local relevance, institutional support, and inclusive design. The study contributes to the discourse on educational equity and policy reform by offering an integrated framework that highlights the interplay between structure and agency. Practical implications include recommendations for cross-sectoral coordination, youth-centered policy development, and program innovation to enhance both access and impact.