Parental Child-Rearing Styles and Subjective Well-Being of Children Involved in Bullying

Authors

  • Ihsana Sabriani Borualogo Universitas Islam Bandung, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8590-9701
  • Ferran Casas Doctoral Program on Education and Society, Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile ERIDIqv research team, University of Girona, Girona, Spain, Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v8i2.14100

Keywords:

EMBU-C, parental child-rearing styles, parent-child relationship, school bullying, subjective well-being

Abstract

This study aims to examine how parental child-rearing styles contribute to subjective well-being of three groups: bullying victims, bullying perpetrator-victims, and those uninvolved in bullying. These groups were categorized based on the children’s self-reported bullying incidents. This study used quantitative approach with cross-sectional design. The participants were 781 4th to 6th-grader students (51.98% boys, 48.02% girls), consists of 329 bullying victims, 197 were both bullying perpetrators and victims, and 255 were uninvolved in bullying. Parental child-rearing styles were measured using The Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C), while subjective well-being was measured using the Children’s Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale 5 items (CW-SWBS5). Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results revealed that the warmth of fathers and mothers made significant and direct contributions to the subjective well-being of children uninvolved in bullying, where the father’s warmth negatively contributed, while the mother’s warmth positively contributed. Similar results did not appear in the subjective well-being of victims or perpetrator-victims.

References

Abubakar, A., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., Suryani, A. O., Handayani, P., & Pandia, W. S. (2015). Perceptions of parenting styles and their associations with mental health and life satisfaction among urban Indonesian adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(9), 2680–2692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0070-x

Alizadeh Maralani, F., Mirnasab, M., & Hashemi, T. (2019). The predictive role of maternal parenting and stress on pupils’ bullying involvement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(17), 3691–3710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672053

Arbuckle, J. L. (2010). IBM SPSS® Amos™ 19 user’s guide. Amos Development Corporation.

Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004

Borualogo, I. S. (2021). The role of parenting style to the feeling of adequately heard and subjective well-being in perpetrators and bullying victims. Jurnal Psikologi, 48(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.61860

Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2019). Adaptation and validation of the children’s worlds subjective well-being scale (CW-SWBS) in Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 46(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.38995

Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2021a). The relationship between frequent bullying and subjective well-being in Indonesian children. Population Review, 60(1). https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2021.0002

Borualogo, I. S., & Casas, F. (2021b). Subjective well-being of bullied children in Indonesia. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(2), 753–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09778-1

Borualogo, I. S., & Gumilang, E. (2019). Kasus perundungan anak di Jawa Barat: Temuan awal children’s worlds survey di Indonesia. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i1.4439

Borualogo, I. S., Gumilang, E., Mubarak, A., Khasanah, A. N., Wardati, M. A., Diantina, F. P., Permataputri, I., & Casas, F. (2019). Process of translation of the Children’s Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale in Indonesia. Proceedings of the Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2018), 307, 180-183. https://doi.org/10.2991/sores-18.2019.42

Borualogo, I. S., & Jefferies, P. (2021). Adapting The EMBU-C for Indonesian contexts [Manuscript in preparation]. Faculty of Psychology Universitas Islam Bandung, Indonesia & Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Canada.

Borualogo, I. S., Wahyudi, H., & Kusdiyati, S. (2020a). Bullying victimization in elementary school students in Bandung city. Proceedings of the Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2019), 409, 112-116. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200225.024

Borualogo, I. S., Wahyudi, H., & Kusdiyati, S. (2020b). Prediktor perundungan siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 8(1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v8i1.9841

Brussoni, M., & Olsen, L. L. (2013). The perils of overprotective parenting: Fathers’ perspectives explored: Overprotective parenting. Child: Care, Health and Development, 39(2), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01361.x

Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (Third Edition). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421

Casas, F. (2016). Children, adolescents and quality of life: The social sciences perspective over two decades. In F. Maggino (Ed.), A life devoted to quality of life: Festschrift in honor of Alex C. Michalos (pp. 3–21). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20568-7_1

Casas, F., & Gonzálezâ€Carrasco, M. (2021). Analysing comparability of four multi-item well-being psychometric scales among 35 countries using Children's Worlds 3rd wave 10 and 12-year-olds samples. Child Indicators Research, 14, 1829-1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09825-0

Casas, F., & Gonzálezâ€Carrasco, M. (2019). Subjective wellâ€being decreasing with age: New research on children over 8. Child Development, 90(2), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13133

CDC. (2016). The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS): Indonesia. https://cdc.gov/gshs/countries/seasian/indonesia.htm

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2001). The effects of model parsimony and sampling error on the fit of structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 4(3), 236–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810143004

Cole, J. C. M., Cornell, D. G., & Sheras, P. (2006). Identification of school bullies by survey methods. Professional School Counseling, 9(4), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X0500900417

Cummins, R. A. (2014). Understanding the well-being of children and adolescents through homeostatic theory. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being: Theories, methods and policies in global perspective (pp. 635–662). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_152

Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2003). Perceptions of the frequency and importance of social support by students classified as victims, bullies, and bully/victims in an urban middle school. School Psychology Review, 32(3), 471–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2003.12086213

Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34

Eisenberg, N., Liew, J., & Pidada, S. U. (2001). The relations of parental emotional expressivity with quality of Indonesian children’s social functioning. Emotion, 1(2), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.2.116

Elledge, L. C., Smith, D. E., Kilpatrick, C. T., McClain, C. M., & Moore, T. M. (2019). The associations between bullying victimization and internalizing distress, suicidality, and substance use in Jamaican adolescents: The moderating role of parental involvement. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(7), 2202–2220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518786804

Fan, H., Li, D., Zhou, W., Jiao, L., Liu, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Parents’ personality traits and children’s subjective well-being: A chain mediating model. Current Psychology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01078-4

Garbarino, J. (2014). Ecological perspective on child well-being. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being: Theories, methods and policies in global perspective (pp. 1365–1384). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_140

Gherasim, L. R., Brumariu, L. E., & Alim, C. L. (2017). Parenting style and children’s life satisfaction and depressive symptoms: Preliminary findings from Romania, France, and Russia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(4), 1013–1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9754-9

Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021001002

Hokoda, A., Lu, H. H. A., & Angeles, M. (2006). School bullying in Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6(4), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v06n04_04

Hong, J. S., Kim, D. H., deLara, E. W., Wei, H. S., Prisner, A., & Alexander, N. B. (2021). Parenting style and bullying and victimization: Comparing foreign-born Asian, US-born Asian, and White American adolescents. Journal of Family Violence, 36(7), 799-811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00176-y

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.

Horton, R. S. (2021). Parenthood, subjective well-being, and the moderating effects of parent narcissism. Journal of Individual Differences, 42(2), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000329

Hussein, M. H. (2010). The peer interaction in primary school questionnaire: Testing for measurement equivalence and latent mean differences in bullying between gender in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the USA. Social Psychology of Education, 13(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-009-9098-y

Kawabata, Y., & Crick, N. R. (2016). Differential associations between maternal and paternal parenting and physical and relational aggression: Parenting behavior and relational aggression. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19(3), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12139

Keshavarz, S., & Baharudin, R. (2012). The moderating role of gender on the relationships between perceived paternal parenting style, locus of control and self-efficacy. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 32, 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.011

Kim, E. (2005). Korean American parental control: Acceptance or rejection?. Ethos, 33(3), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.347

Koentjaraningrat. (2005). Pengantar antropologi II: Pokok-pokok etnografi [Introduction to anthropology II: Ethnographic principles]. Rineka Cipta.

Laible, D. J., & Carlo, G. (2004). The differential relations of maternal and paternal support and control to adolescent social competence, self-worth, and sympathy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260094

Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J. S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2010). A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 471–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019227

Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Hooper, M. (2017). ePIRLS 2016 international results in online informational reading. International Study Center Lynch School of Education.

Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van Brakel, A. (2003). Assessment of anxious rearing behavior with a modified version of “Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran†questionnaire for children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25(4), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025894928131

OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Volume III): What school life means for students’ lives. PISA. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/acd78851-en

Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems in school: Facts and intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12(4), 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03172807

Rees, G., Savahl, S., Lee, B. J., & Casas, F. (Eds.) (2020). Children's views on their lives and well-being in 35 countries: A report on the Children's Worlds project, 2016-19. Children's Worlds Project (ISCWeB). https://isciweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Childrens-Worlds-Comparative-Report-2020.pdf

Riany, Y. E., Meredith, P., & Cuskelly, M. (2017). Understanding the influence of traditional cultural values on Indonesian parenting. Marriage & Family Review, 53(3), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1157561

Savahl, S., Montserrat, C., Casas, F., Adams, S., Tiliouine, H., Benninger, E., & Jackson, K. (2019). Children’s experiences of bullying victimization and the influence on their subjective wellâ€being: A multinational comparison. Child Development, 90(2), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13135

Shewark, E. A., & Blandon, A. Y. (2015). Mothers’ and fathers’ emotion socialization and children’s emotion regulation: A within-family model. Social Development, 24(2), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12095

Stavrinides, P., Nikiforou, M., & Georgiou, S. (2015). Do mothers know? Longitudinal associations between parental knowledge, bullying, and victimization. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514525889

Tiliouine, H. (2015). School bullying victimisation and subjective well-being in Algeria. Child Indicators Research, 8(1), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-014-9286-y

Varela, J., Savahl, S., Adams, S., & Reyes, F. (2020). Examining the relationship among bullying, school climate and adolescent well-being in Chile and South Africa: A Cross cultural comparison. Child Indicators Research, 13, 819-838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09648-0

Volk, A. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2014). What is bullying? A theoretical redefinition. Developmental Review, 34(4), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.09.001

Wu, C. W., Chen, W. W., & Jen, C. H. (2021). Emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parenting and subjective well-being. Journal of Adult Development, 28(2), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09357-x

Zevalkink, J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2001). Parenting in Indonesia: Inter- and intracultural differences in mothers’ interactions with their young children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000113

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2022-01-02

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021): PSYMPATHIC

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

The author whose published manuscript approved the following provisions:

1. The right of publication of all material published in the journal / published on the E-Journal of Psychology website is held by the editorial board with the knowledge of the author (moral right remains the author of the script).

2. The formal legal provisions for access to digital articles of this electronic journal are subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which means that the Journal of Psychology reserves the right to save, transmit media / format, manage in database form, , maintain, and publish articles without requesting permission from the Author as long as it continues to include the name of the Author as the owner of Copyright.

3. Printed and published print and electronic manuscripts are open access for any purposes. In addition to these objectives, the editorial board shall not be liable for violations of copyright law.

Â