Diplomasi Publik dan Media: Penggunaan Jaringan Penyiaran Al-Jazeera dalam Krisis Diplomatik Qatar 2017-2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v10i2.8176Keywords:
Al-Jazeera, krisis diplomatik, penyiaran internasional, diplomasi publik, QatarAbstract
Krisis diplomatik Qatar terjadi ketika Arab Saudi, UAE, Bahrain dan Mesir memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Qatar pada 2017. Qatar dituduh mendukung terorisme seiring kedekatannya dengan Iran dan organisasi-organisasi teroris di Timur Tengah. Krisis diplomatik itu diikuti pula dengan perang media antara kedua belah pihak. Empat negara tersebut melakukan berbagai propaganda untuk memenangkan opini publik internasional selama berlangsungnya krisis. Qatar yang terancam posisi strategisnya kemudian menggunakan pendekatan diplomasi publik sebagai upaya melawan propaganda tersebut. Artikel ini membahas diplomasi publik Qatar melalui jaringan Al-Jazeera dalam menghadapi krisis diplomatik di Timur Tengah tahun 2017-2019 dengan menggunakan konsep “Tiga Dimensi Diplomasi Publik†dari Joseph S. Nye, yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh Mark Leonard, sebagai kerangka teoritiknya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui investigasi media online dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Qatar melalui Al-Jazeera melakukan tiga dimensi diplomatik terkait krisis diplomatiknya dengan empat negara Arab, yakni komunikasi rutin, strategis dan jangka panjang.
Qatar's diplomatic crisis broke out when Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt, known as the Arab Quartet, cut their diplomatic ties with Qatar in 2017. The Arab Quartet alleged Qatar of being a supporter of terrorism due to its proximity to Iran and certain terrorist organizations. The termination of diplomatic relations happened along with a media war between the two parties. The four countries carried out propaganda to win international public opinion during the crisis. Qatar, which was threatened, used public diplomacy as a counter-attack. This article employs the concept of three dimensions of public diplomacy by Joseph S. Nye, which was later developed by Mark Leonard, as a theoretical framework. Required data were collected through online media investigation and interviews. Research findings show that all three dimensions of public diplomacy were found in Qatari public diplomacy enforcement through Al-Jazeera related to its diplomatic crisis with the Arab Quartet, namely routine, strategic, and long term communication.
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