EXAMINING ORALITY AND TEXTUALITY IN THE QUR’ĀN: A STUDY OF MAKKIYAH SURAHS BASED ON ANGELIKA NEUWIRTH’S PERSPECTIVE
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Abstract
Artikel ini mengkaji pembacaan pra-kanonik al-Qur’ān menurut Angelika Neuwirth, dengan menyoroti perbedaan antara aspek lisan (oralitas) dan aspek tekstual (skriptualitas), serta menjadikan Surah Al-Ikhlāṣ —sebuah surah Makkiyah—sebagai studi kasus. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan sumber primer dari karya-karya Neuwirth serta sumber sekunder dari jurnal dan penelitian terkait. Analisis data dilakukan melalui proses pengolahan, penyajian, serta validasi informasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menurut Neuwirth, proses kodifikasi al-Qur’ān telah mengurangi kedinamisan yang terkandung dalam al-Qur’ān, mengubahnya menjadi teks yang statis. Proses ini menciptakan persepsi bahwa al-Qur’ān adalah kitab yang “abadi” dan “ahistoris,” seolah-olah diturunkan dalam ruang yang terisolasi tanpa keterkaitan dengan unsur eksternal. Untuk mengembalikan historisitasnya yang hilang akibat proses kanonisasi, penting untuk mempertimbangkan periode serta kondisi saat wahyu tersebut diturunkan. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan historis-kritis diperlukan untuk merekonstruksi konteks pewahyuan Al-Qur’an dan mengungkap dimensi pra-kanoniknya.
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