De-authorization of Religion during Covid-19 Pandemic: How the Government Policies and Religious Leaders Reduced Islamic Religious in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.16789Keywords:
Covid-19, De-authorization, Government Policy, Indonesia, Religious AuthorityAbstract
Policies issued by the Government and religious authorities during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia have resulted in the de-authorization of the structure of the pattern of carrying out religious rituals that are already established and sacred in the community. This study aims to explore government policies and religious leaders' authorities in reducing the doctrine of communal religious rituals during the Covid-19 in Indonesia. This study qualitatively investigates various forms of government policies and religious leaders during the Covid-19 pandemic – via the internet related to government policies and the appeals of religious leaders during the Covid-19. Data collection is done by observation, documentation, and literature study. Data analysis used descriptive qualitative analysis through the NVivo-12 plus application. The results of this study indicate that there has been a reduction in religious doctrine in the form of prohibiting the practice of religious rituals carried out communally in mosques and public spaces.
References
Abdullah, M. A. (2020). Mendialogkan Nalar Agama dan Sains Modern di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19. Maarif, 15(1), 11–39. https://doi.org/10.47651/mrf.v15i1.87
Agbaria, A. K. (2019). Contact religious authority and the creation of hyper-solidarity: reflections on Israeli politics and Islamic political thought. Ethics and Education, 14(2), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2019.1587685
Al-Astewani, A. (2021). To open or close? COVID-19, mosques and the role of religious authority within the British Muslim community: A socio-legal analysis. Religions, 12(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010011
Alkaf, M. (2020). Agama, Sains, dan Covid-19: Perspektif Sosial Agama. Maarif, 15(1), 93–108.
Amin, C., Priyono, P., Umrotun, U., Fatkhiyah, M., & Sufahani, S. F. (2021). Exploring the Prevalence of Protective Measure Adoption in Mosques during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Sustainability, 13(24), 13927. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413927
Aula, S. K. N. (2020). Peran Tokoh Agama Dalam Memutus Rantai Pandemi Covid-19 Di Media Online Indonesia. Living Islam: Journal of Islamic Discourses, 3(1), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.14421/lijid.v3i1.2224
Baharuddin, T., Jubba, H., Nurmandi, A., & Qodir, Z. (2022). Online Social Trust in Government: Analysis of Government Policy During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation, ICON-DEMOST 2021, September 15, 2021, Semarang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.15-9-2021.2315575
Baharuddin, T., Sairin, S., Jubba, H., Qodir, Z., Nurmandi, A., & Hidayati, M. (2021). Social Capital and Social Trust : The State ’ s Response in Facing the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Sociology and Technoscience, 11(2), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.24197/st.2.2021.23-47
Baharuddin, T., Sairin, S., Qodir, Z., Jubba, H., & Nurmandi, A. (2022). Partisipasi dan kepercayaan sosial daring: kebijakan vaksinasi COVID-19 di Indonesia. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies), 6(1), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v6i1.3680
Barmania, S., & Reiss, M. J. (2021). Health promotion perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic: The importance of religion. Global Health Promotion, 28(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975920972992
Burhani, A. N. (2016). Aksi Bela Islam: Konservatisme dan Fragmentasi Otoritas Keagamaan. Jurnal Maarif Institute, 11(2), 15–29.
Coccia, M. (2021). Effects of the spread of COVID-19 on public health of polluted cities: results of the first wave for explaining the dejà vu in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and epidemics of future vital agents. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(15), 19147–19154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11662-7
Darsono, D., Rohmana, J. A., & Busro, B. (2020). Against COVID-19 Pandemic: Bibliometric Assessment of World Scholars’ International Publications related to COVID-19. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v5i1.356
Farazmand, A. (2009). Hurricane Katrina, the crisis of leadership, and chaos management: Time for trying the “Surprise management theory in action.†Public Organization Review, 9(4), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-009-0099-2
Glaser, J., Spencer, K., & Charbonneau, A. (2014). Racial Bias and Public Policy. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214550403
Halim, A., & Hosen, N. (2021). Changing the Religiosity of Indonesian Muslims in the New Normal Era. Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v6i1.13445
Hoang, V. T., Gautret, P., Memish, Z. A., & Al-Tawfiq, J. A. (2020). Hajj and Umrah Mass Gatherings and COVID-19 Infection. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 7(4), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00218-x
Jones, D. G. (2022). Religious Concerns About COVID-19 Vaccines: From Abortion to Religious Freedom. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(3), 2233–2252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01557-x
Lutfi, M., Buntuang, P. C. D., Kornelius, Y., Erdiyansyah, & Hasanuddin, B. (2020). The impact of social distancing policy on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(3), 492–503. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.40
Maffettone, P., & Oldani, C. (2020). COVID-19: A Make or Break Moment for Global Policy Making. Global Policy, 11(4), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12860
Makmun, M. (2020). Political Fiqh during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Religiosity and Mosque Congregant Health in Jombang. Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam, 7(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v7i2.3789
Mushodiq, M. A., & Imron, A. (2020). Peran Majelis Ulama Indonesia Dalam Mitigasi Pandemi Covid-19 (Tinjauan Tindakan Sosial dan Dominasi Kekuasaan Max Weber). SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 7(5), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i5.15315
Nisa, E. F., & Saenong, F. F. (2022). Relegitimizing Religious Authority: Indonesian Gender-Just Ê¿UlamÄʾ Amid COVID-19. Religions, 13(6), 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13060485
NU Online. (2020). LBM PBNU Keluarkan Larangan Shalat Jumat bagi Masyarakat Muslim di Zona Merah Covid-19. NU Online. https://www.nu.or.id/nasional/lbm-pbnu-keluarkan-larangan-shalat-jumat-bagi-masyarakat-muslim-di-zona-merah-covid-19-KGRzN
Nurmansyah, M. I., Handayani, S., Kurniawan, D. W., Rachmawati, E., Hidayati, & Alim, A. M. (2022). Congregational Worshiping and Implementation of the COVID-19 Preventive Behavioral Measures During the Re-opening Phase of Worship Places Among Indonesian Muslims. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(5), 4169–4188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01593-7
Pabbajah, M., Darwis, M., Diab, A., Widyanti, R., Jubba, H., Juhansar, J., Pabbajah, M. T., Widyatmoko, W., & Laila, N. (2022). Why Closing the Mosque: Resistance of the Indonesia’s Muslim Community to the Government PPKM Policy During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Democracy and Social Transformation, ICON-DEMOST 2021. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.15-9-2021.2315548
Pabbajah, M., Said, N. M., Faisal, Pabbajah, M. T. H., Jubba, H., & Juhansar. (2020). Deauthorization of the religious leader role in countering covid- 19: Perceptions and responses of muslim societies on the ulama’s policies in indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 262–273. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.25
Piwko, A. M. (2021). Islam and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Between Religious Practice and Health Protection. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(5), 3291–3308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01346-y
PP Muhammadiyah. (2020). Edaran Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah Nomor 02/Edr/I.0/E/2020 Tentang Tuntunan Ibadah dalam Kondisi Darurat Covid-19. PP Muhammadiyah. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/download/edaran-pimpinan-pusat-muhammadiyah-nomor-02-edr-i-0-e-2020-tentang-tuntunan-ibadah-dalam-kondisi-darurat-covid-19/
Ramaswamy, S., & Seshadri, S. (2020). Children on the brink: Risks for child protection, sexual abuse, and related mental health problems in the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Journal Psychiatry, 62(3), S404–S413. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1032_20
Roziqin, A., Mas’udi, S. Y. F., & Sihidi, I. T. (2021). An analysis of Indonesian government policies against COVID-19. Public Administration and Policy, 24(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-08-2020-0039
Salahudin, Nurmandi, A., Sulistyaningsih, T., Lutfi, M., & Sihidi, I. T. (2020). Analysis of Government Official Twitters during Covid-19 Crisis in Indonesia Analysis of Government Official Twitters during Covid-19 Crisis in Indonesia. Talent Development & Excellence, 12(1), 3899–3915.
Sambo, U., Ibrahim, S., & Mohammed, M. (2022). The Influence of Islamic Clerics on the Acceptance and Response of COVID-19 Prevention Protocols in Northeast Nigeria. Khazanah Theologia, 4(2), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.15575/kt.v4i2.19589
Sarnoto, A. Z., & Hayatina, L. (2021). Polarization of the Muslim community towards government policies in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1449
Strosberg, M. A., Gefenas, E., & Famenka, A. (2014). Research ethics review: Identifying public policy and program gaps. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 9(2), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2014.9.2.3
Sukamto, A., & Panca Parulian, S. (2021). Religious community responses to the public policy of the Indonesian government related to the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Law, Religion and State, 8(2–3), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1163/22124810-2020006
Susilawati, S., Falefi, R., & Purwoko, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19’s Pandemic on the Economy of Indonesia. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), 1147–1156. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.954
Trump, B. D., Bridges, T. S., Cegan, J. C., Cibulsky, S. M., Greer, S. L., Jarman, H., Lafferty, B. J., Surette, M. A., & Linkov, I. (2020). An Analytical Perspective on Pandemic Recovery. Health Security, 18(3), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0057
Vekemans, T. (2021). Crisis and continuation: The digital relocation of jain socio-religious praxis during the covid-19 pandemic. Religions, 12(5), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12050342
Winarni, L. (2022). Indonesian Democracy and Islamic Religious Activities in the Age of New Normal. Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 7(1), 98–117. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v7i1.38489
Yuki, S., & Hiroko, K. (2014). Reconfigurations of Islamic authority in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 42(5), 602–619. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04205007
Zulkarnain, Z., & Samsuri, S. (2018). Religious Leaders and Indonesian Religious Harmony. Proceedings of the Annual Civic Education Conference (ACEC 2018), 251, 93–96. https://doi.org/10.2991/acec-18.2018.23