Establishing the Dual Legitimacy of Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA Law): Perspectives from National Law and Islamic Criminal Law

Authors

  • Wahab Aznul Hidaya Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong, Indonesia
  • Kuswardani Kuswardani Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia
  • A. Sakti R.S. Rakia Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong, Indonesia
  • Mazlena Mohamad Hussain International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15575/adliya.v20i1.54962

Keywords:

diversion, restorative justice, juvenile criminal justice, Islamic criminal law, maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, dual normative legitimacy

Abstract

This study examined the normative legitimisation of diversion and restorative justice within Indonesia's juvenile criminal justice system (SPPA Law) and Islamic criminal law, and explored the implications for strengthening the reform. This study adopted a normative legal approach using statutory and conceptual methods. Primary legal materials included Law No. 11 of 2012 on the SPPA Law, Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, Law No. 1 of 2026 concerning the Adjustment of Criminal Provisions, Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2024, Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020, and Indonesian National Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021, supported by legal doctrines as well as classical and contemporary fiqh jinayah literature. The results showed that diversion possessed dual normative legitimacy, deriving from Indonesia's positive legal framework and Islamic criminal law through the principles of ta'zir, maqāṣid al-syarī'ah, justice (al-'adl), reconciliation (iṣlāḥ), compassion (raḥmah), and public interest (maṣlaḥah). This study proposed a Dual Normative Legitimacy Model that integrated national law and Islamic legal principles as a framework for implementing diversion. The proposed model contributed to juvenile criminal justice reform by strengthening regulatory harmonisation, promoting child protection, enhancing victim restoration, and supporting sustainable social reintegration.

References

Aji, Wikan Sinatrio. “The Implementation of Diversion and Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System in Indonesia.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i01.23339.

Amrianto, Andika Dwi. “Pemulihan Hak Korban Salah Tangkap Berdasarkan Perspektif Teori Keadilan.” Jurnal Hukum Samudra Keadilan 18, no. 1 (March 8, 2023): 33–52. https://doi.org/10.33059/jhsk.v18i1.6419.

Bachmid, Atila Amalia. “Perlindungan Anak Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak : Kebijakan Dan Pelaksanaannya Di Indonesia.” Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2025). https://doi.org/10.55357/is.v6i1.838.

Badriyah, Noviyatul, Achmad Fuaddin, and Ibnatul Mardiyah. “Implementation of Qisas Law in Criminality (Jinayat): Historical Analysis and Contemporary Challenges.” Al-Afham: Journal of Islamic Studies 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2025): 29–45. https://doi.org/10.62509/ajis.v2i1.291.

Dahlan, Anwar, Muhammad Rinaldy Bima, and Hardianto Djanggih. “Judges’ Legal Reasoning in Determining the Success or Failure of Diversion in Juvenile Justice: A Normative Analysis of Indonesian Court Decisions.” Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 28, no. 2 (December 30, 2025): 133–45. https://doi.org/10.56087/enf7mg34.

Ekaa, Eka Novianty Wahyuni. “Diversion for Children Perpetrating Narcotics Crimes: A Perspective of Jinayah Fiqh and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law.” DELICTUM : Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2024): 87–112. https://doi.org/10.35905/delictum.v3i1.10949.

Elvariani, Risma, and Sidik Sunaryo. “Refleksi Moralitas Dalam Keadilan Restoratif Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana.” AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Humanis 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2025): 1275–86. https://doi.org/10.37481/jmh.v5i3.1525.

Ernis, Yul. “Diversi Dan Keadilan Restoratif Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Tindak Pidana Anak Di Indonesia (Diversion And Restorative Justice In Case Settlement Of Juvenile Justice System In Indonesia).” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2016): 163–74. https://doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2016.V10.163-174.

Gade, Christian. “Promoting Restorative Justice as de Jure Punishment: A Vision for a Different Future.” The International Journal of Restorative Justice 5, no. 1 (April 2022): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.5553/TIJRJ.000093.

Hamdi, Bahrul. “Konsep Implementasi Mashlahah Menurut Al-Ghazali, Asy-Syatibi Dan Najmuddin At-Thufi (Studi Komparatif Analitis Pemikiran Hukum Islam).” Al-Hurriyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam 2, no. 2 (2017): 219–231. https://ejournal.uinbukittinggi.ac.id/alhurriyah/article/view/402.

Harsono, Wiyono, and Wisnu Aryo Dewanto. “Pendekatan Teoritis Dan Praktis Keadilan Restoratif Dalam Sistem Hukum Modern.” Al-Zayn : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 4, no. 3 (2025): 5815–24. https://ejournal.yayasanpendidikandzurriyatulquran.id/index.php/AlZayn/article/view/2192.

Hidaya, Wahab Aznul. “Penerapan Diversi Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak.” JUSTISI 5, no. 2 (2019): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v5i2.543.

———. “The Role of Witness and Victim Protection Agency for Imekko Tribe in Criminal Justice System in Sorong.” Law and Justice 8, no. 2 (2023): 176–91. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v8i2.2363.

Hutchinson, Terry, and Nigel Duncan. “Defining and Describing What We Do: Doctrinal Legal Research.” Deakin Law Review 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 83. https://doi.org/10.21153/dlr2012vol17no1art70.

Lee, Jee Aei (Jamie), and Yvon Dandurand. “Twenty Years of Growing Support for Restorative Justice: Presenting the Second Edition of the UN Handbook.” The International Journal of Restorative Justice 3, no. 3 (November 2020): 419–30. https://doi.org/10.5553/IJRJ.000052.

Lestari, Wilda. “Ta’zir Crimes in Islamic Criminal Law: Definition, Legal Basis, Types and Punishments.” Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial Dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 22. https://doi.org/10.58836/al-qanun.v5i1.21486.

Marder, Ian D. “Mapping Restorative Justice and Restorative Practices in Criminal Justice in the Republic of Ireland.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 70 (September 2022): 100544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2022.100544.

Marder, Ian D., and Louise Forde. “Challenges in the Future of Restorative Youth Justice in Ireland: Minimising Intervention, Maximising Participation.” Youth Justice 23, no. 2 (August 15, 2023): 201–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/14732254221122568.

Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Nusa Tenggara Barat: Mataram University Press, 2020.

Naim, Sokhib, Wahab Aznul Hidaya, Valentino Cirilo Sambang, and Sabrin S Hi Mustafa. “Perwujudan Restitutio in Integrum Sebagai Hak Anak Korban Tindak Pidana: The Realization of Restitutio in Integrum as the Right of Child Victims of Crime.” USM Law Review 8, no. 3 (2025): 1683–96. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i3.12668.

Nashriana, Nashriana, Desia Rakhma Banjarani, Marwin S Del Rosario, and Vera Novianti. “Enhancing Restorative Justice in Indonesia: Exploring Diversion Implementation for Effective Juvenile Delinquency Settlement.” Sriwijaya Law Review 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2023): 318–34. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol7.Iss2.2427.pp318-334.

Nurhayati, Yati, MYasir Said, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat JlBrigjen Hasan Basry, Kota Banjarmasin, Jl H Brigjen Hasan Basri Komplek Polsek Banjarmasin Utara Jalur, and Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. “Metodologi Normatif Dan Empiris Dalam Penyelesaian Perselisihan.” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2021): 1–20. https://ojs.bdproject.co.id/index.php/jphi/article/view/14.

Puspa Devi, Chindya, and Aminuddin Aminuddin. “Maqāṣid Al-Syarī‘Ah Sebagai Basis Perlindungan Perempuan Dari Kekerasan.” SANGAJI: Jurnal Pemikiran Syariah Dan Hukum 9, no. 2 (November 24, 2025): 185–95. https://doi.org/10.52266/sangaji.v9i2.5357.

Putri, Claudia Carolina Indra. “Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Justice System through Diversion.” IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v4i1.36288.

Rakib, Abdur. “Mukallaf Sebagai Subjek Hukum Dalam Fiqih Jinayah.” HAKAM: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Ekonomi Islam 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.33650/jhi.v5i2.3585.

Ramadhan, Azhary, Kamarusdiana Kamarusdiana, and Soefyanto Soefyanto. “Penyelesaian Kasus Tindak Pidana Anak Melalui Diversi Dalam Perspektif Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak.” Journal of Legal Research 3, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 129–44. https://doi.org/10.15408/jlr.v3i1.19581.

Rasiwan, Iwan, Abdul Haris, and Yusup Maulana Suwanta. “Effectiveness Of The Implementation Of Diversion In The Juvenile Criminal Justice System.” Case Law : Journal of Law 6, no. 1 (2025): 79–89. https://doi.org/10.25157/caselaw.v6i1.4755.

Renhard Harve. Penyelarasan Aturan Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Yogyakarta: Deepublish, 2024. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=v74yEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Riyadh+Guidelines+menekankan+pentingnya+pencegahan+kenakalan+anak+melalui+pendekatan+sosial,+pendidikan,+dan+keluarga,+sedangkan+General+Comment+No.+24+(2019)+dari+Komite+Hak+Anak+Perserikatan+Bangsa-Bangsa+menegaskan+bahwa+diversi+harus+menjadi+pilihan+utama+dalam+penyelesaian+perkara+pidana+anak+sepanjang+tidak+mengabaikan+hak-hak+korban+dan+kepentingan+masyarakat.&ots=vyZKkRnCjs&sig=3ZLyqWNB0i6AofAL-sL2Hxy86dI&redir_esc=y.

RI, Mahkamah Agung. “Laporan Kinerja Mahkamah Agung RI,” 2024. https://www.mahkamahagung.go.id/files/20250227150951_LAKIN_MA_2024_FINAL.pdf?

Soleh, Nor. “Restorative Justice Dalam Hukum Pidana Islam Dan Kontribusinya Bagi Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Materiil Di Indonesia.” Isti`dal : Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam 2, no. 2 (2015). https://ejournal.unisnu.ac.id/JSHI/article/view/640.

Suhaili, Achmad. “Integrasi Maqāṣid Al-Syarī‘Ah Dalam Praktik Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia: Studi Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Keluarga.” Mabahits : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2025): 29–42. https://doi.org/10.62097/mabahits.v6i01.2236.

Tony Marshall. Restorative Justice: An Overview. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, 1999.

Wood, William R, Masahiro Suzuki, and Hennessey Hayes. “Restorative Justice in Youth and Adult Criminal Justice.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.658.

Zehr, Howard. The Little Book of Restorative Justice. Good Books, 2002.

Downloads

Published

2026-09-17

How to Cite

Hidaya, W. A., Kuswardani, K., R.S. Rakia, A. S., & Mohamad Hussain, M. (2026). Establishing the Dual Legitimacy of Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (SPPA Law): Perspectives from National Law and Islamic Criminal Law. ADLIYA: Jurnal Hukum Dan Kemanusiaan, 20(1), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.15575/adliya.v20i1.54962

Issue

Vol. 20 No. 1 (2026): ADLIYA: Jurnal Hukum dan Kemanusiaan

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Wahab Aznul Hidaya, Kuswardani Kuswardani, A. Sakti R.S. Rakia, Mazlena Mohamad Hussain

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish in ADLIYA: Jurnal Hukum dan Kemanusiaan agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).