The Political Dynamics of Southeast Asia and the Identity Transformation of ASEAN in Post-Cold War and Post-Economic Crisis 1997-1998


Wahyu Rozzaqi Ginanjar(1*), Ali Maksum(2)

(1) Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(2) Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


In general, regional integration takes the form of political economy initiatives focused on commercial interests to achieve broader socio-political and security goals. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional organization in Southeast Asia. After the end of the Cold War, ASEAN underwent changes, especially in terms of norms, governance, and collective identity. This article aims to explain the institutional reform and transformation of ASEAN's identity as a regional organization after the end of Cold War era. Using Alexander Wendt's concept of Collective Identity, this article argues that the 1997-1998 crisis and political dynamics in Southeast Asia unraveled the weaknesses of ASEAN's traditional principles as a regional organization. This led to skepticism towards the credibility and function of ASEAN. In order to restore its image and credibility, ASEAN conducted institutional reform in some stages. The institutional reform started with conceptualizing shared ideas through the establishment of the ASEAN Community, which was then institutionalized in a set of norms through the ASEAN Charter. These institutional reforms gave birth to a common set of ideas and norms for the member states. These shared ideas and norms indicate the transformation of ASEAN's collective identity as a regional organization that is more in line with universal norms such as human rights, democracy, and good governance.


Keywords


ASEAN, ASEAN Charter, ASEAN Community, institutional reformation, collective identity

Full Text:

PDF

References


Acharya, Amitav. 2013. The Making of Southeast Asia. Cornell University Press.

Ahmad, Zakaria Haji, and Baladas Ghoshal. 1999. “The Political Future of ASEAN after the Asian Crisis.” International Affairs 75(4).

ASEAN. 1976. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. Jakarta: The ASEAN Secretariat.

ASEAN. 2003. Declaration of ASEAN Concord II. Jakarta: The ASEAN Secretariat.

ASEAN. 2008. The ASEAN Charter. ASEAN. Jakarta: The ASEAN Secretariat.

ASEAN. 2009a. ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint. 1st ed. The ASEAN Secretariat.

ASEAN. 2009b. ASEAN Socio-Cultrural Community Blueprint. Jakarta: The ASEAN Secretariat.

ASEAN Eminent Persons Group. 2006. Report of the Eminent Persons Group (EPG) on the ASEAN Charter. Cebu.

Asplund, André. 2014. “ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights: Civil Society Organizations’ Limited Influence on ASEAN.” Journal of Asian Public Policy 7(2):191–99. doi: 10.1080/17516234.2014.896090.

Beeson, Mark. 2011. “Crisis Dynamics and Regionalism: East Asia in Comparative Perspective.” The Pacific Review 24(3):357–74. doi: 10.1080/09512748.2011.577538.

Berger, Peter, and Thomas Luckmann. 1991. The Social Construction of Reality. London: Penguin Books.

Busse, Nikolas. 1999. “Constructivism and Southeast Asian Security.” The Pacific Review 12(1):39–60. doi: 10.1080/09512749908719277.

Capie, David H., and Paul M. Evans. 2007. The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon. 1st ed. Pasir Panjang: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Chandra, Alexander C. 2006. “Southeast Asian Civil Society and the Asean Charter : The Way Forward.” In ASEAN Trade Unions-NGOs Dialogue on ASEAN Economic Integration: Defining the Stakes for the ASEAN Working People. Singapore.

Chang, Ha-Joon. 2000. “The Hazard of Moral Hazard: Untangling the Asian Crisis.” World Development 28(4):775–88. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00152-7.

Chavez, Jenina Joy. 2006. “Building Community the Search for Alternative Regionalism in Southeast Asia.” Pp. 1–10 in Revisiting Southeast Asian Regionalism. Manila: FOCUS on the GLOBAL SOUTH.

Dent, Christopher M. (ed.). 2003. Asia-Pacific Economic and Security Cooperation. . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gerard, Kelly. 2014. ASEAN’s Engagement of Civil Society. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Glas, Aarie, and Emmanuel Balogun. 2020. “Norms in Practice: People-Centric Governance in ASEAN and ECOWAS.” International Affairs 96(4):1015–32. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiaa013.

Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2003a. “Embedded Mercantilism and Open Regionalism: The Crisis of a Regional Political Project.” Third World Quarterly 24(2):339–55. doi: 10.1080/0143659032000074628.

Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 2003b. “Introduction: Governing the Asia Pacific--beyond the ‘New Regionalism.’” Third World Quarterly 24(2):199–215. doi: 10.1080/0143659032000074556.

Jones, Lee. 2012. ASEAN, Sovereignty and Intervention in Southeast Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Katanyuu, Ruukun. 2006. “Beyond Non-Interference in ASEAN: The Association’s Role in Myanmar’s National Reconciliation and Democratization.” Asian Survey 46(6):825–45. doi: 10.1525/as.2006.46.6.825.

Keohane, Robert O. 2020. “International Institutions: Two Approaches.” Pp. 158–79 in International Institutions and State Power. London: Routledge.

Maksum, Ali, and Reevany Bustami. 2014. “The 1965 Coup and Reformasi 1998: Two Critical Moments in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations during and after the Cold War.” SpringerPlus 3(1):45. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-45.

Molthof, Mieke. 2012. “ASEAN and the Principle of Non-Interference.” E-International Relations 1–7.

Narine, Shaun. 1997. “ASEAN and the ARF: The Limits of the ‘ASEAN Way.’” Asian Survey 37(10):961–78. doi: 10.2307/2645616.

Natalegawa, Marty. 2018. Does ASEAN Matter? A View from Within. 1st ed. Singapore: ISEAS Yushof Ishak Institute.

Oba, Mie. 2014. “ASEAN and the Creation of a Regional Community.” Asia-Pacific Review 21(1):63–78. doi: 10.1080/13439006.2014.925200.

Robinson, Richard. 2020. Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Politics. New York: Routledge.

Rosyidin, Mohamad, and Andi Akhmad Basith Dir. 2021. “Why States Do Not Impose Sanctions: Regional Norms and Indonesia’s Diplomatic Approach towards Myanmar on the Rohingya Issue.” International Politics 58(5):738–56. doi: 10.1057/s41311-020-00264-2.

Rüland, Jürgen. 2011. “Southeast Asian Regionalism and Global Governance: ‘Multilateral Utility’ or ‘Hedging Utility’?” Contemporary Southeast Asia 33(1):83. doi: 10.1355/cs33-1d.

Soesastro, Hadi. 1995. ASEAN in a Changed Regional and International Political Economy. 1st ed. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.

Solingen, Etel. 1999. “ASEAN, Quo Vadis? Domestic Coalitions and Regional Co‑operation.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 21(1):CS21-1b. doi: 10.1355/CS21-1B.

Stubbs, Richard. 2002. “ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East Asian Regionalism?” Asian Survey 42(3):440–55. doi: 10.1525/as.2002.42.3.440.

The World Bank. 1992. Governance and Development.

Wah, Francis Loh Kok and Joakim Öjendal. (eds.). 2005. Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.

Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v12i1.15766

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2022 Wahyu Rozzaqi Ginanjar, Ali Maksum

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

________________________________________________________________________

P - ISSN : 2303-3169

E - ISSN : 2579-3098


JISPO is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.>

 

Published by : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Flag Counter

 

View My Stats