Article Sidebar

Submitted
December 17, 2024
Accepted
December 15, 2025
Published
December 25, 2025
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 35

Main Article Content

Abstract

Sustainable human resource development has become a critical issue in Islamic educational institutions as they respond to changing educational demands while preserving Islamic values. This scrutinizes how progressive Islamic Educational Management (IEM) practices contribute to the sustainability of human resources in two Indonesian Islamic schools. Employing a qualitative-dominant mixed-method design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, structured observations, document analysis, and a brief descriptive survey involving 32 educators and administrative staff. The findings reveal that both institutions implement progressive management strategies that emphasize adaptation, innovation, and continuous professional development grounded in Islamic principles. The Islamic elementary school demonstrates a strong integration of spiritual development and managerial professionalism, while Islamic Junior high school highlights institutional adaptability and active community engagement. Furthermore, the study shows that visionary leadership, human-centered policies, and reflective evaluation mechanisms play a central role in sustaining the quality and commitment of educational personnel. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of IEM as a framework for sustainable leadership and organizational development within Islamic schools. This study implies that Islamic educational institutions can strengthen long-term human resource sustainability by harmonizing Islamic values, progressive management practices, and professional well-being.

Keywords

Human Resource Sustainability Islamic Educational Management Progressive Islamic Education Muhammadiyah Primary Education Professional Development

Article Details

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

References

  1. Aikaterini, G. (2014). Personnel Management vs Human Resource Management: Evidence from Hellas.
  2. Alam, K. U. A., & Muzahid, M. A. U. (2006). Informal Islamic education and its role in human resource development in society: A theoretical evaluation. IIUC Studies, 3, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.3329/iiucs.v3i0.2667.
  3. Alkrdem, M. S., & Alqahtani, A. S. (2016). Educational management in the light of Islamic standards. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 12, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJESBS/2016/22671Al-Qur`an.
  4. Andolina, R. (2012). The values of water: Development cultures and indigenous cultures in highland Ecuador. Latin American Research Review, 47(2), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2012.0015.
  5. Arianto, M. S. (2006). Islamic knowledge classification scheme in islamic countries’ libraries. Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 44(2), 295-323. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2006.442.295-323.
  6. Arizona, K., Rokhmat, J., Ramdani, A., Gunawan, G., & Sukarso, A. (2025). Integrating Islamic Values and Local Wisdom into Science Education: Enhancing Character Development in Higher Education. Ulumuna, 29(1), 398-428. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v29i1.1308.
  7. Audi, M., Ahmad, K., Poulin, M., & Ali, A. (2025). From globalization to innovation: Investigating the impact of R&D, internet penetration, and economic factors on digitalization in BRICS. Research in Globalization, 11, 100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100314.
  8. Bakti, A. F., & Meidasari, V. E. (2014). Trendsetter komunikasi di era digital: tantangan dan peluang pendidikan komunikasi dan penyiaran Islam. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 4(1), 20-44. Retrieved from https://jurnalfdk.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/jki/article/view/35.
  9. Baldissera, P., & Delprete, C. (2020). From PBL to innovation: a decennial case-study from an HPV student team. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 18(4), 773-786. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-01-2019-0005.
  10. Bassey, S. A., Nwoye, L., & Okpe, T. A. (2018). Happiness, limitations religiosity. Journal of Research and Humanities, 1(1), 33–39. https://journal.alhikam.net/index.php/jrm/article/view/5
  11. Blomme, R. J., Van Rheede, A., & Tromp, D. M. (2010). Work-family conflict as a cause for turnover intentions in the hospitality industry. Tourism and hospitality research, 10(4), 269-285. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.15.
  12. Boojh, R., & Ishwaran, N. (2022). Sustainability Education for a Better World. Newscastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  13. Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
  14. Braine, R. D. E. (2007). Leadership, character and its development: A qualitative exploration. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v5i1.102.
  15. Budiyanti, N., Parhan, M., & Islamy, M. R. F. (2022). The formulation of learning steps through the Al-Islah wa At-Tagyr method in realizing individual piety. Religio Education, 2(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.17509/re.v2i2.51002.
  16. Carpenter, D., & Munshower, P. (2020). Broadening borders to build better schools: Virtual professional learning communities. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(2), 296-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-09-2018-0296.
  17. Casta, C., Rohidi, T. R., Triyanto, T., & Karim, A. (2021). Production of aesthetic tastes and creativity education of Indonesian glass painting artists. Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education, 21(2), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.15294/harmonia.v21i2.30348.
  18. Çer, E., & Şahin, E. (2016). Improving reading comprehension skills with children’s books through metacognitive strategy: The Turkish context. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(9), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i9.1566.
  19. Cera, R., Mancini, M., & Antonietti, A. (2013). Relationships between metacognition, self-efficacy and self-regulation in learning. Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal), 4(7), 115-141. https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2013-007-cera.
  20. Choi, M. Y. (2019). Sub-Education policy review report: Education for sustainable development. UNESCO Publising.
  21. Çubukçu, Z. (2012). The effect of hidden curriculum on character education process of primary school students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(2), 1526–1534. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ987859
  22. Donald, J. D. (2008). Human Resource Management in Education Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Q-Media.
  23. Draghici, A. (2023). Education for Sustainable Development. Matec Web of Conferences, 4, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839463475-011.
  24. Elliott, E. C. (2023). Why word problems are hard for high school math students: Problem formulation and disciplinary literacy (Doctoral dissertation). Columbia: University of South Carolina.
  25. Erik, E., Djalal, F., Hapidin, H., & Karim, A. (2024). Developoing leadership behavior through natural school. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i1.2758.desenvolvendo.
  26. Eshet, Y. (2005). Thinking skills in the digital era. In Encyclopedia of distance learning (pp. 1840–1845). Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
  27. Ezzani, M. D., Brooks, M. C., Yang, L., & Bloom, A. (2023). Islamic school leadership and social justice: an international review of the literature. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 26(5), 745-777. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2021.2009037.
  28. Fahrudin, F., & Anwar, S. (2022). Lecturers' perceptions about learning tolerance in Islamic religious lectures at Indonesia University of Education. Religio Education, 2(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.17509/re.v2i1.46770
  29. Fahrudin, F., Islamy, M. R. F., & Parhan, M. (2022). Moderation of Tasawwuf Ali Jum’ah Egyptian scholar: The middle way of conflict between reformers and traditionalists and its relevance to Sufi culture in Indonesia. Res Militaris, 12(2), 1846–1861. https://resmilitaris.net/menu-script/index.php/resmilitaris/article/view/321/197.
  30. Flick, U. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis (the SAGE h). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication Ltd.
  31. Gazali, E. (2018). Pesantren di antara generasi alfa dan tantangan dunia pendidikan era revolusi industri 4.0. OASIS: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Islam, 2(2), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.24235/oasis.v2i2.2893
  32. Gilet, A. L., Mella, N., Studer, J., Grühn, D., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2013). Assessing dispositional empathy in adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030425
  33. Gokool-Ramdoo, S., & Rumjaun, A. B. (2017). Education for sustainable development: Connecting the dots for sustainability. Journal of Learning for Development, 4(1), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v4i1.170.
  34. Goleman, D. (1997). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. London: Bloomsbury.
  35. Graves, L. M., Sarkis, J., & Gold, N. (2019). Employee proenvironmental behavior in Russia: The roles of top management commitment, managerial leadership, and employee motives. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 140, 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.007.
  36. Gunasekran, K., and B. Deepika. (2019). Personality Traits and Teaching Competency of Teachers. Global Journal for Research Analysis 8(2), 8–10. https://www.doi.org/10.36106/gjra.
  37. Guthrie, G. (2014). Qualitative data. In Basic research methods: An entry to social science research. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9788132105961.n15
  38. Gwilliam, J. (2021). Environmental Sustainability of Learning and Teaching: Thematic Peer Group Report. Brussels: European University Association. www.eua.eu
  39. Haque, M. J., & Lissillour, R. (2025). Buffering the blaze: Emotional intelligence as a moderator between abusive supervision and employees’ mental well-being. Journal of Management Development, 44(4), 499–513. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2024-0421
  40. Harjatanaya, T. Y., Ferary, D., & Sarhindi, I. (2025). Education for sustainable development using participatory methodologies in Indonesian higher education: The case of Satya Terra Bhinneka University. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(6), 1348–1368. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2024-0657
  41. Hart, P., Oliveira, G., & Pike, M. (2020). Teaching virtues through literature. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 41(4), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2019.1689544
  42. Heale, R., & Forbes, D. (2013). Understanding triangulation in research. Evidence Based Nursing, 16(4), 98–99. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2013-101494.
  43. Hendrickson, D. J., Lindberg, C., Connelly, S., & Roseland, M. (2011). Pushing the envelope: Market mechanisms for sustainable community development. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 4(2), 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2011.596263.
  44. Hendriyaldi, H. (2019). Industrial revolution 4.0: Challenges and opportunities of human resources management to improve productivity Grand Hotel Jambi. J MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains), 4(2), 240. https://doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v4i2.104.
  45. Hu, K., & Wu, H. (2026). Cultural asset preservation, socially responsible investment, and corporate sustainable development in urban renewal. Finance Research Letters, 87, 109091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.109091.
  46. Huda, Q. U. (2010). Peace education in Muslim societies and in Islamic institutions. Die Friedens-Warte, 85(3), 69-84. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26524858.
  47. Iverson, B. L., & Dervan, P. B. (2021). Education for Sustainable Development as Key Element of Quality Education in the Institutions of Higher Education. Caracas: Universidad Simon Bolivar.
  48. Karim, A., Agus, A., Nurnilasari, N., et al. (2023a). A study on managerial leadership in education: A systematic literature review. Heliyon, 9(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16834
  49. Karim, A., Bakhtiar, A., Sahrodi, J., & Chang, P. H. (2025). Spiritual leadership behaviors in religious workplace: the case of pesantren. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 28(6), 1293-1321. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2022.2076285.
  50. Karim, A., Faiz, A., Parhan, M., et al. (2020a). Managerial leadership in green living pharmacy activities. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(13), 714–719. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.13.125.
  51. Karim, A., Fathurohman, O., Sulaiman, et al. (2025a). Islamic spiritual leadership of kyai. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101817.
  52. Karim, A., Fathurrohman, O., Saripudin, W., et al. (2023b). Altruistic works, religion, and corruption. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2238968.
  53. Karim, A., Fathurrohman, O., Sulaiman, S., Marliani, L., Muhammadun, M., & Firmansyah, B. (2025). How do principals act as leaders and managers in boarding and public school in Indonesia? Cogent Education, 12(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2445354.
  54. Karim, A., Purnomo, H., Fikriyah, F., & Kardiyati, E. N. (2020b). A charismatic relationship. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 35(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.54705
  55. Kertamukti, R., Anderson, S. M., & Asy'ari, A. Z. (2025). Empowering Rural Women through Transformative Leadership: Insights from KWT Pawon Gendis. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 13(1), 647-668. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v13i1.1244.
  56. Khan, M. M., Mubarik, M. S., Islam, T., Rehman, A., Ahmed, S. S., Khan, E., & Sohail, F. (2022). How servant leadership triggers innovative work behavior: Exploring the sequential mediating role of psychological empowerment and job crafting. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(4), 1037–1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-09-2020-0367.
  57. Khan, Z., Ali, S., & Zhu, X. (2025). Environmental sustainability via sustainable development: The role of green innovation, clean energy, and financial inclusion. Journal of Environmental Management, 393, 127175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127175.
  58. Killen, R. (1998). Effective teaching strategies: Lessons from research and practice (2nd ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Social Science Press.
  59. Klassen, L., Eifler, E. F., Hufer, A., & Riemann, R. (2019). Why do people differ in their achievement motivation? A nuclear twin family study. Primenjena Psihologija, 11(4), 433–450. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.4.433-450.
  60. Krüger, C., Pennabel, A. F., Borges de Oliveira, M. S., Guimarães, F. H. C. B., & Caldana, A. C. F. (2025). Model for fostering competencies for sustainable development in HEI: Human resources as drivers of the process. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), 101238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101238.
  61. Kultsum, U., Parinduri, M. A., & Karim, A. (2022). Comparative studies between public and private Islamic schools in the era of globalization. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(1), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i1.22182.
  62. Kusuma, M. D., Rosidin, U., & Suyatna, A. (2017). The development of higher order thinking skill (HOTS) instrument assessment in physics study. IQSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 7(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0701052632.
  63. Lase, D. (2019). Pendidikan di era revolusi industri 4.0. SUNDERMANN: Jurnal Ilmiah Teologi, Pendidikan, Sains, Humaniora dan Kebudayaan, 12(2), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.36408/sundermann.v12i2.1023.
  64. Liwis, N. W. N., Antara, P. A., & Ujianti, P. R. (2017). Pengaruh model pembelajaran matematika realistik terhadap kemampuan mengenal konsep bilangan pada anak kelompok A taman kanak kanak Gugus V Kecamatan Buleleng. E Journal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 5(1), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.23887/paud.v5i1.11403.
  65. Lloyd’s, List. (2017). Digital Disruption-Managing the Transition to Smart Shipping. Lloyd’s List Business Briefing, (2), 01-13. https://maritimeintelligence.informa.com/resources/key-topics/digitaldisruption. Diakses 15 Oktober 2018.
  66. Maganini, M., Herndon, K. E., Loran, T., Griffin, R. E., Anderson, E. R., van der Meer, F. D., Darvishzadeh, R., Paris, C., Rietbroek, R., Huesca, M., & Schlund, M. (2025). Leveraging educational partnerships to integrate education for sustainable development into university geoscience curriculum. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(9), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2024-0445.
  67. Magee, J. (2015). The managerial leadership bible: Learning the strategic, organizational, and tactical skills everyone needs today. New Jersey: FT Press.
  68. Mansir, F. (2020). Transforming Islamic Boarding School as Indonesian of Islamic Educational Institution in the Digital Era. International of Psychosocial and Rehabilitation, 24(8). 8777–88. https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I8/PR280874.
  69. Marques, I. C. P., & Ferreira, J. J. M. (2020). Digital transformation in the area of health: Systematic review of 45 years of evolution. Health and Technology, 10(3), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-019-00402-8.
  70. Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2002). Human resource management: Essential perspectives. Boston: Cengage Learning
  71. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  72. Msomphora, M. R. (2025). Bridging borders: Global insights and challenges in internationalising higher education using a decade-long case study. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 8, 100402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100402
  73. Mufid, F. (2014). Islamic Sciences Integration. QIJIS: Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies. 2(2): 144–60. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v2i2.1565.
  74. Nasri, U., Walad, M., & Ansori, M. Z. (2023). Islamic educational values in the verses of the song “Mars Nahdlatul Wathan” by TGKH. Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid from Lombok. International Journal of Sociology of Religion, 1(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.70687/ijsr.v1i1.11.
  75. Nata, A. (2012). Akhlak tasawuf dan karakter mulia. Depok: RajaGrafindo Persada.
  76. Nissen, S. O. (2025). Forces of responsible leadership: A multiple case study on enhancing sustainable inner development through management education. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), 101224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101224
  77. Parhan, M., Syahidin, Somad, M. A., Abdulah, M., & Nugraha, R. H. (2024). Developing a contextual learning model in islamic education to improve applicable knowledge and foster knowledge-based virtues. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.35205.
  78. Pease, N. J., Edwards, A., & Moss, L. J. (2005). Effectiveness of whole brain radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 19(4), 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269216305pm1017oa.
  79. Pepper, K. (2010). Effective principals skillfully balance leadership styles to facilitate student success: A focus for the reauthorization of ESEA. Planning and changing, 41, 42-56. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ952358
  80. Phipps, K. A. (2012). Spirituality and strategic leadership: The influence of spiritual beliefs on strategic decision making. Journal of business ethics, 106(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0988-5.
  81. Poza, L. E., & Viesca, K. M. (2020). Testing and ideology: Policy debates about literacy assessments for Colorado’s bilingual students. Journal of Education Policy, 35(4), 556-581. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2018.1511831.
  82. Purnomo, H., Karim, A., Mansir, F., & Valero-Matas, J. A. (2022). Covid-19 Pandemic: Project-Based Learning as Interprofessional Learning Model to Improve Student With Special Needs’ Self Efficacy. Sociologia y Tecnociencia, 12(2), 284–306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24197/st.2.2022.284-306.
  83. Qu, S. Q., & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. In Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111162070.
  84. Radhi, F., Yunus, M., Amiruddin, A., Ruslan, R., Kesuma, T. M., & Alexandri, M. B. (2025). The Impact of Leadership, Motivation, and Remuneration on Employee and Organizational Performance at PTN-BH in Sumatra. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 13(1), 463-492. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v13i1.1775
  85. Renzi, S., & Klobas, J. E. (2008). Using the theory of planned behavior with qualitative research (Dondena Working Paper No. 012). Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics, Università Bocconi. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/1713791.
  86. Rinto, Fikriyah, Iman, B. N., Hanikah, Munajim, A., Sati, Setiana, D., Darmini, M., & Karim, A. (2020). Scientific process skills learning, biotechnology materials, and character building. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(4), 2044–2051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.314
  87. Rodrigues, A. (2025). Environmental education strategies and sustainable development in HEIs in the food area: Raising awareness through participatory actions in co-design. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(6), 1252–1266. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-06-2024-0386
  88. Salehzadeh, R., Khazaei Pool, J., Kia Lashaki, J., Dolati, H., & Balouei Jamkhaneh, H. (2015). Studying the effect of spiritual leadership on organizational performance: An empirical study in hotel industry. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-03-2015-0012.
  89. Santucci de Oliveira, B., & Sohn, A. P. L. (2025). Emotional intelligence in tourism and hospitality: A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 128, 104141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104141.
  90. Scott, W. (2002). Sustainability and Learning: What Role for the Curriculum? Council for Environmental Education.
  91. Seroussi, D. E., & Yaffe, Y. (2020). Links between Israeli college students’ self-regulated learning and their recollections of their parents’ parenting styles. SAGE Open, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899096.
  92. Shahbal, S., Al Kubaisi, H., Khan, A., Ahmad, Z., & Usman, M. (2022). Leadership styles, role, and opportunities: Reflection in educational management system. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13(S9), 1452–1460. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S09.176.
  93. Singhai, R., Tripathy, P. K., & Maski, K. (2023). Education for Sustainable Development: Issues, Concerns, and Challenges. National Council for Educational Research and Training. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839463475-011.
  94. Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012840.
  95. Skordoulis, R., & Dawson, P. (2007). Reflective decisions: The use of Socratic dialogue in managing organizational change. Management Decision, 45(6), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740710762044.
  96. Soomro, R. B. K., Soomro, A. B., & Sahito, Z. (2025). Human rights education and Sustainable Development Goal 4: Highlighting intersections and synergies. International Journal of Educational Development, 118, 103399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103399
  97. Spradley, J. P. (2007). Metode etnografi. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
  98. Sudirman, S., Ramadhita, R., Bachri, S., & Whindari, Y. (2025). The transformation of state Islamic higher education institutions into world-class universities: From globalisation to institutional values. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101705.
  99. Sumanti, S. T., Nunzairina, N., & Salminawati, S. (2024). The Evolution of Islamic Educational Institutions in North Sumatra Indonesia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i1.4419.
  100. Sumarna, E., Parhan, M., Abdurrahman, M., Jenuri, J., Subakti, G. E., & Zubir, Z. (2022). People with special needs in religious literacy. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 17(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.5093/ripede2022a.
  101. Suprima, P., Parhan, M., Nurjanah, R. S., Azzara, M., Solehudin, A. I. N., & Chrismawan, M. R. (2023). Comparison of time in the world and the afterday in the quantum revolution to the rules of Islamic science. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 22(2), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol22.iss2.art5.
  102. Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in qualitative and quantitative research. Quality & Quantity, 45(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0.
  103. Tamannaeifar, M., & Hossain, P. M. (2019). Psychological effects of spiritual intelligence and creativity on happiness. International Journal of Medical Investigation, 8(2), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.52547/ijmi.8.2.91.
  104. Tauhidi, D. (2001). The tarbiyah project: Towards a renewed vision of Islamic education. Jakarta: The Tarbiya Project.
  105. Umami, L., & Salamah, F. C. (2019, November 8). Human capital dan keunggulan bersaing di era revolusi industri 4.0. Kompasiana. https://www.kompasiana.com/lililiza0966/5d11c93a097f361a8d43ad12/human-capital-dan-keunggulan-bersaing-di-era-revolusi-industri-4-0?page=all.
  106. Wals, A. E. J., & Kieft, G. (2009). Education for sustainable development (P.-E. Tröften & M. Westin (eds.)). Edita 2010. https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.51.2.08-10.
  107. Wardiana, W., Fadli, A., & Masnun, M. (2024). Contribution of Women in the Education Management of Islamic Boarding School. Ulumuna, 28(1), 398-423. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v28i1.805.
  108. Weiner, J. M., & Holder, S. (2019). Why lead?: Using narrative to explore the motivations of those aspiring to be principals in high needs schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2018.1492024.
  109. Welsh, J. A. (2006). An exploration of project-based learning in two California charter schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). California: University of Southern California.
  110. Wenner, J. M., Baer, E. M., Manduca, C. A., Macdonald, R. H., Patterson, S., & Savina, M. (2009). The case for infusing quantitative literacy into introductory geoscience courses. Numeracy, 2(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.5038/1936-4660.2.1.4.
  111. Werther, W. B. & Davis, K. (1996). Human Resources and Personal Management, Fifth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  112. Wiley, D. A. (2006). On the sustainability of open educational resource initiatives in higher education. OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation.
  113. Xie, L. (2019). Leadership and organizational learning culture: a systematic literature review. European journal of training and development, 43(1/2), 76-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-06-2018-0056.
  114. Yusoff, M. Z. M., Safrilsyah, S., Haji Othman, M. K., Fajri, I., Yusuf, S. M., Ibrahim, I., & Wan Mohd Zain, W. H. W. (2022). The effect of moral reasoning and values as the mediator towards student’s prosocial behaviour. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.2021959.
  115. Yusuf, M. (2019). Strategi manajemen perubahan pola pikir SDM guna menghadapi persaingan era industri 4.0 pada industri manufaktur. In Seminar Nasional dan The 6th Call for Syariah Paper Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (Vol. 7, pp. 648–664). Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11617/11415
  116. Zien, N. H. R., Abu Bakar, N. A., & Saad, R. (2024). Unveiling insights: A dataset analysis of Islamic quality management systems in educational institutions toward SDG-aligned education. Data in Brief, 54, 110343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110343.