Retraction and Corrections

Retraction:
Articles may be retracted if they contain serious errors, plagiarism, or unethical research. A retraction notice will explain the reason, and the original article will remain online but marked as Retracted.

Corrections:
Minor errors that do not affect the main findings will be corrected through an official Correction Notice (Erratum) linked to the original article.

Withdrawal:
Authors may request withdrawal before publication with a valid reason.

All actions follow COPE Retraction Guidelines to maintain publication integrity.