KAJIAN HISTORIS MAQASHID SYARIAH SEBAGAI TEORI HUKUM ISLAM


Ahmad Farikhin(1*), Ahmad Hasan Ridwan(2), Heni Mulyasari(3)

(1) STIE Perbanas Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia
(3) Universitas Muhammadiyah Bandung, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Abstract: The term maqashid was first proposed by al-Hakim al-Tirmidzy in the third century Hijiriyah, but has been conceptually invented and used since prophetic times with different terms. This study aims to find historical traces of maqashid sharia from original sources from time to time as sources of Islamic law after the Quran, Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas, which are discussed by contemporary scholars as solutions and breakthroughs in answering the legal vacuum caused by rapid changes. This research uses the istiqrai tahlili bayani method which focuses on tracing the traces of maqashid in Islamic scientific treasures. This research concludes that: First, maqashid sharia as a theory of Islamic law as it is known today by al-Juwaeny and elaborated by his disciple named al-Ghazaly later became a comprehensive scientific discipline by al-Syathiby in the eighth century Hijri; Secondly, the discussion of maqashid in this century has developed further with the addition of al-dharuriyat points according to the essential needs of contemporary Muslims such as guarding the people and the state not only sufficiently guarding al-dharuriyat but needing the development of al-dharuruyat points in order to support the progress of Muslims in various spheres of life; Third, maqashid sharia is the result of ijtihad that can change and develop according to the demands of progress as a solution that Islam can offer to the challenges of the times as initiated by Auda.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jejak historis maqashid syariah dari sumber orisinal pada masa ke masa sebagai sumber hukum Islam setelah al-Quran, Hadits, Ijma dan Qiyas yang menjadi bahasan para cendikiawan kontemporer sebagai solusi dan terobosan dalam men­jawab kekosongan hukum akibat derasnya perubahan. Istilah maqashid pertama kali dikemukakan oleh al-Hakim al-Tirmidzy pada abad ketiga Hijiriyah, tetapi secara konseptual telah ditemukan dan digunakan sejak zaman kenabian dengan istilah yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode istiqrai tahlili bayani yang berfokus pada penelusuran jejak maqashid dalam khazanah keilmuwan Islam. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa: Pertama,  maqashid syariah sebagai teori hukum Islam seperti yang dikenal saat ini oleh al-Juwaeny dan dielaborasi oleh muridnya yang bernama al-Ghazaly kemudian menjadi disiplin ilmu pengetahuan secara komprehensip oleh al-Syathiby pada abad ke delapan Hijriyah; Kedua, pembahasan maqashid pada abad ini telah ber­kembang lebih jauh dengan adanya penambahan poin al-dharuriyat sesuai kebutuhan esensial umat Islam kontemporer seperti menjaga umat dan negara bahkan tidak hanya cukup menjaga al-dharuriyat namun perlu pengembangan poin-poin al-dharuruyat demi mendukung kemajuan umat Islam dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan; Ketiga, maqashid syariah merupakan hasil ijtihad yang bisa berubah dan berkembang sesuai tuntutan kemajuan sebagai solusi yang dapat ditawarkan Islam terhadap tantangan zaman seperti yang digagas oleh Auda.


Keywords


history; maqashid syariah; Islamic law theory.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v24i2.19332

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