Modal Caleg Perempuan dan Politik Patriarkhi dalam Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia: Keterwakilan Perempuan pada Pemilu 2019 di Kabupaten Sleman


Dessy Ramadhany(1*), Dian Eka Rahmawati(2)

(1) , Indonesia
(2) Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Tingkat keterwakilan perempuan dalam politik Indonesia tidak terlepas dari ragam faktor, salah satunya adalah modal yang dimilikinya. Kajian ini menjelaskan modal yang dimiliki caleg perempuan di tengah politik patriarkhi dalam Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu) dengan fokus analisis pada kasus Kabupaten Sleman pada 2019. Keterwakilan perempuan sebagai anggota DPRD di kabupaten ini merupakan tertinggi dibanding kabupaten lain di Yogyakarta, yaitu sebanyak 13 kursi (26%) dari total 50 kursi. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa meski perolehan kursi perempuan tampak terus meningkat, tetapi peningkatannya tidak signifikan karena modal caleg perempuan dikendalikan oleh politik patriarkhi melalui medan Pemilu. Dengan menggunakan teori Bourdieu tentang modal, artikel ini berargumen bahwa modal –politik, sosial, ekonomi dan simbolik- diyakini sangat penting bagi perempuan untuk terjun dalam politik, tetapi pada kenyataannya modal itu ditentukan oleh habitus politik patriarkhi dalam kesadaran caleg perempuan dalam mengarungi medan persaingan politik Pemilu yang umumnya didominasi oleh struktur kelas laki-laki. Karena itu, meski sistem politik dalam Pemilu menyediakan afirmasi bagi caleg perempuan, dalam praktiknya, dominasi habitus politik patriarki yang dikendalikan oleh struktur kelas dalam masyarakat tidak memungkinkan caleg perempuan untuk mendapatkan suara yang lebih banyak dibanding laki-laki.

The representation level of Indonesian women in politics cannot be separated from a variety of factors, such as capital. This study explains the capital owned by female candidates midst of patriarchal politics in General Election with a special focus on the case of Sleman Regency in 2019. In the case of Sleman, women occupied 13 seats out of 50 seats at DPRD (local parliament), which was the highest achievement compared to other districts in Yogyakarta. This study found that although the acquisition of women's seats continued to increase, it was not significant because patriarchal politics controlled the female legislative candidates’ capital through the electoral field. Employing Bourdieu's theory of capital, this study argues capital –social, economic, political dan symbolic- was regarded important for women to engage in politics, but in reality this variety of capital was determined by the patriarchal political habitus of female candidates in the general election, which is generally dominated by men. Therefore, although the political system in elections provides affirmation for female candidates, in practice, patriarchal domination controlled by class structures in society does not allow them to get more votes than men.

 

 


Keywords


Women; political representation; capital; habitus; women legislative candidates; patriarchal politics

Full Text:

PDF

References


Blackburn, Susan. 1999. “Winning the Vote for Women in Indonesia.” Australian Feminist Studies 14 (29): 207-218.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. London: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Form of Capital.” Hal. 241-258 dalam Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, diedit oleh J. G. Richardson. New York: Greewood Press.

Bylesjo, Cecilia. & Francisia Seda. 2006. “Indonesia: The Struggle for Gender Quotas in the World's Largest Muslim Country.” Hal. 259-265 dalam Women, Quotas and Politics, diedit oleh Drude Dahlerup. Routledge, New York.

Hillman, Ben. 2004. “Women in Parliament in Indonesia: Denied a Share of Power.” Discussion Papers, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University.

Hillman, Ben. 2017a. “Increasing Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Asia and the Pacific: The Indonesian Experience.” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 4 (1): 38–49. doi: 10.1002/app5.160.

Hillman, Ben. 2017b. “The Limits of Gender Quotas: Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48(2):322–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2017.1368092

Moore, Rob. 2008. “Capital.” Hal. 98-113 dalam Pierre Bourdieu, Key Concepts, diedit oleh Michael Grenfell. Durham: Acumen.

Pancaningtyas, Nugraheni. 2015. “The Gender Quota, The Electoral System and Women’s Representation in Indonesia: Case Studies of Two District Parliaments.” Master thesis, The Australian National University.

Prihatini, Ella S. 2018. “On The Same Page? Support for Gender Quotas among Indonesian Lawmakers,” Asian Social Science 14 (5):48-59.

Prihatini, Ella S. 2019. “Islam, Parties, and Women’s Political Nomination in Indonesia.” The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association. doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000321

Pringle, Rosemary dan Sophie Watson. 1998. “Women’s Interests and the Poststructuralist State.” Hal. 203-223 dalam Feminism and Politics, diedit oleh Anne Philips. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.

Purwanti, Ani. 2015. “Quota Law’s for Women in Politics: Implementation in Indonesia,” Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 6 (4), April 18 – 19, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Rhoads, Elizabeth. 2012. “Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia: Decentralisation, Money Politics and Collective Memory in Bali,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 31(2): 35-56.

Ritzer, George. 2011. Sociological Theory. Eight Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Robinson, Kathryn. 2000. “Indonesian Women: from Orde Baru to Reformasi.” Hal. 139-168 dalam Women in Asia, Tradition, Modernity and Globalisation, diedit oleh Louise Edwards and Mina Roces. London & New York: Routledge, 2010: 139-168.

Sapiro, Virginia 1998, “When are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women.” Hal. 161-192 dalam Feminism and Politics, diedit oleh Anne Philips. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press: 161-192.

Shair-Rosenfield, Sarah. 2012. “The Alternative Incumbency Effect: Electing Women Legislators in Indonesia. Electoral Studies 31 (3):576-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.05.002

Siregar, Wahidah Zein Br. 2005. “Parliamentary Representation of Women in Indonesia: the Struggle for a Quota”. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 11(3): 36-72.

Soedarwo, Vina Salviana Darvina. 2014. “Political Ideology Meaning and Patriarchal Ideology of Female Politicians in Indonesia: A Case in Malang.” Procedia Environmental Sciences 20: 486-495.

Soeseno, Nuri. 2014. “Female Politicians in Political Parties of 2014 Election: Descriptive Representation vs. Substantive Representation.” Indonesian Feminist Journal 2(2):6-33.

Tong, Rosemary Putnam. 2009. Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, Colorado: Westview Press.

UU No. 12 Tahun 2003 Tentang Pemilihan Umum.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v10i1.7237

Refbacks





Copyright (c) 2020 JISPO : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

________________________________________________________________________

P - ISSN : 2303-3169

E - ISSN : 2579-3098


JISPO is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.>

 

Published by : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Flag Counter

 

View My Stats