Constructing Ethical Critical Thinking at Pesantren


Muhamad Yasin(1), Muhammad Nabil Khasbulloh(2*)

(1) Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kediri, Indonesia
(2) Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kediri,  
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Santri has been viewed as students who respect their kiai (teacher), parents and senior teachers, and might not able to think critically. The research aims to investigate efforts to foster students’ ethical critical thinking at pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in Kediri, East Java. This study uses a qualitative approach and sociological-phenemonological methods. Data obtained through observation and interviews. The research findings show that the patron-client pattern a pattern of relations between kiai and santri at pesantren can have both positive and negative impacts. The positive impact can be seen from the form of good relations and mutual respect between the kiai and students. Meanwhile, the negative impact refers to students’ fatalistic attitude towards life and an uncritical scientific view. Critical education in pesantren has practically been implemented even though partially. Education in pesantren is currently required to build an integrative educational paradigm by involving all human potential in fostering a critical, creative and democratic culture in addition to upholding ethics.


Keywords


Critical Reasoning, Ethics, Santri

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdullah, A. (2016). Kurikulum Pesantren dalam Perspektif Gus Dur; Suatu Kajian Epistemologis. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 4(2), 227. https://doi.org/10.15642/pai.2016.4.2.227-248

Adnan, M. (2015). Paradigma Pendidikan Kritis Dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam. Cendekia : Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 1(1), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.37348/cendekia.v1i1.8

Amal, A. S. (2018). Pola Komunikasi Kyai Dan Santri Dalam Membentuk Sikap Tawadhu Di Pondok Pesantren Bahrul Ulum Tambakberas Jombang. INJECT (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication), 3(2), 253. https://doi.org/10.18326/inject.v3i2.253-272

Bahri, S. (2019). Pendidik Yang Membelajarkan (Gaya Bank vs Hadap Masalah). IQRO: Journal of Islamic Education, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24256/iqro.v2i1.846

Bariroh, N. M., & Triyanto. (2022). Students’ Critical Thinking Ability in Reflective Cognitive Style toward Problems Solving. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 31(2), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v31.2.4157

Belecina, R. R., & Ocampo, J. M. J. (2018). Effecting Change on Students’ Critical Thinking in Problem Solving. Educare: International Journal for Educational Studies, 10(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.2121/edu-ijes.v10i2.949.g857

Beyer, B. (1990). What Philosophy Offers to the Teaching of Thinking. Educational Leadership Journal, 47(5), 55–60. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ402400

Cottrell, S. (2005). Critical Thinking Skills: Developing Effective Analysis and Argument. New York: Palcrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2007.25.1-2.174a

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research : Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Dahlan, M. Z. (2016). Internalisasi Pendidikan Karakter Perspektif Pesantren. FALASIFA : Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 7(1), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.36835/falasifa.v7i1.11

Das, S. W. H., Abdul, H., & Amaluddin. (2016). Paradigm of Islamic Education in the Future: The Integration of Islamic Boarding School and Favorite School. Information Management and Business Review, 8(4), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v8i4.1390

Deng, Z., & Gopinathan, S. (2016). PISA and high-performing education systems: explaining Singapore’s education success. Comparative Education, 52(4), 449–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1219535

Fadli, M. R. (2021). Memahami Desain Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Humanika, 21(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v21i1.38075

Fathonah, A. Z., Iwandi, Wahyudi, H., Rizki, A. F., Hidayat, H., Kurniawan, H., & Wahyuni, C. (2020). Mengagungkan Ilmu dan Ahli Ilmu Perspektif Imam Az- Zarnuji (Tela’ah Kitab Ta’lim Muta’allim Bab IV). Al-Fikra : Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman, 19(2), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.24014/af.v19i2.11640

Faizah, E. N. (2022). Pandangan Pendidikan Islam Ibnu Khaldun dan Implementasi Keteladanananya Pada Peserta Didik Era 4.0. Jurnal Cakrawala Ilmiah, 1(12), 3545–3558. Retrieved from https://bajangjournal.com/index.php/JCI/article/view/3215

Fauzi, F. (2006). Model Kajian Pesantren: Studi Kritis terhadap Buku Dinamika Sistem Pendidikan Pesantren karya Mastuhu. INSANIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Alternatif Kependidikan, 11(3), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.24090/insania.v11i3.209

Fauzyyah, A. W., Machmudi, Y., & Apipudin. (2019). Traditionality, Modernity, and Leadership at Pesantren Al-Hamidiyah, Depok City, West Java. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 2nd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies (ICSGS 2018), 365, 246–252. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsgs-18.2019.33

Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.

Hafidzi, A. (2020). The Ability Of Islamic Boarding School Students In Facing The Digital Literacy Era With Critical Reading. IJGIE (International Journal of Graduate of Islamic Education), 1(2), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.37567/ijgie.v1i2.231

Haningsih, S. (2008). Peran Strategis Pesantren, Madrasah dan Sekolah Islam di Indonesia. El-Tarbawi: Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.20885/tarbawi.vol1.iss1.art3

Harbi, D. D. (2020). Pembelajaran Kritis Di Pesantren: Studi Kasus Di Pesantren Kabupaten Bandung. At-Tarbiyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 2(1), 35–39. Retrieved from http://jurnal.staisabili.net/index.php/At-Tarbiyah/article/view/39%0A

Hasani, A., & Hamid, A. (2020). Rekonstruksi Pengajaran dan Kajian Fiqih Pada Era Cyber. Madinah: Jurnal Studi Islam, 7(1), 12–19. Retrieved from http://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/madinah/article/view/476

Hasanuddin. (2014). Dominasi Peradaban Barat Dalam Pendidikan Islam. Al-Hikmah Journal for Religious Studies, 15(2), 167–173. Retrieved from https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/al_hikmah/article/view/407

Hasbullah, & Zainudin. (2020). Penerapan Motivasi Belajar Santri Di Pondok Pesantren Miftahul Ishlah Tembelok Menurut Hamzah B.Uno. Jurnal Kopertais IV, 11(2), 16–39. Retrieved from http://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/sasambo/index.php/elhuda/article

Hasibuan, H. B., Nasution, B., & Nasution, K. (2018). Penerapan Metode Sorogan dalam Pembelajaran Kitab Kuning Kelas VIII di Pondok Pesantren Modern Ta’dib Al-Syakirin Titi Kuning Kecamatan Medan Johor. Tazkiya: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.30829/taz.v7i2.384

Heong, Y. M., Yunos, J. M., Othman, W., Hassan, R., Kiong, T. T., & Mohamad, M. M. (2012). The Needs Analysis of Learning Higher Order Thinking Skills for Generating Ideas. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sbspro.2012.09.265

Howard, L. W., Tang, T. L. P., & Jill Austin, M. (2015). Teaching Critical Thinking Skills: Ability, Motivation, Intervention, and the Pygmalion Effect. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2084-0

Hui, T. Q., & Seow, T. (2022). Towards Transformative Pedagogies for Sustainability Education. Humanities and Social Studies Education (HSSE), 11(2), 81–92. Retrieved from https://www.nie.edu.sg/docs/default-source/hsse/hsseonline/hsseonline-vol-11-issue2/hsseonlinevol11issue2.pdf

Ichsan, A. S. (2019). Konstruksi Pendidikan Relasi Kiai Dan Santri Di Pondok Pesantren Lintang Songo Piyungan Yogyakarta. Jurnal Darussalam: Jurnal Pendidikan, Komunikasi Dan Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 11(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.30739/darussalam.v11i1.458

Ilyasir, F. (2017). Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Integratif di Indonesia; Kajian Filosofis dan Metode Implementasi. LITERASI (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan), 8(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.21927/literasi.2017.8(1).36-47

Inah, E. N. (2015). Peran Komunikasi dalam Interaksi Guru dan Siswa. Al-Ta’dib: Jurnal Kajian Kependidikan, 8(2), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.31332/atdb.v8i2.416

Jamin, H. (2018). Upaya Meningkatkan Kompetensi Profesional Guru. At-Ta’dib, 10(1), 19–36. Retrieved from https://mail.ejournal.staindirundeng.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article

Jannah, A. U. (2018). Harmoni Pesantren Jawa Pesisiran Utara Dalam Bingkai Sosial Transformatif Islam Nusantara. Islamic Review : Jurnal Riset Dan Kajian Keislaman, 7(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.35878/islamicreview.v7i1.135

Jonhson, E. B. (2002). Contextual Teaching and Learning: What It Is and Why It’s Here to Stay. California: Corwin Press, Inc. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id

Kadir, A. (2019). Pesantren; Prespektif Sejarah, Konstribusi Dan Model Pendidikan. Jurnal Da’wah, 3(01), 69–105. https://doi.org/10.38214/jurnaldawahstidnatsir.v3i01.62

Kamal, H., & Nata, A. (2017). Pemikiran Pendidikan A. Malik Fadjar. Ta’dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.32832/tadibuna.v6i1.709

Khoiri, N. (2014). Revitalisasi dan Optimalisasi Manajemen Madrasah Sebagai Pendidikan Islam Menuju Pendidikan Alternatif. Tarbawi, 11(1), 22–46. Retrieved from https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/9432

Khoirul. (2021). Kritik Pendidikan Pembebasan Paulo Freire Perspektif Pendidikan islam. Malang: Literasi Nusantara. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.id/books/edition

Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Los Angeles: Sage Publication, Inc. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id

Ma’arif, S. (2010). Pattern of Patron-Client Relationship Kyai And Santri In Pesantren. Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 15(2), 273–295. https://doi.org/10.19109/td.v15i02.76

Madjid, N. (1997). Bilik-Bilik Pesantren Sebuah Potret Perjalanan. Jakarta: Paramadina.

Maharani, D. I., Y, M. H. A., & Arifin, I. (2016). Manajemen Pembelajaran Pondok Pesantren. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 1(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.17977/um025v1i12016p017

Masud, A. (2019). Eksistensi Pondok Pesantren dalam Memperkuat Literasi Islam di Era Globalisasi. Munaqasyah: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(1), 69–85. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267887687.pdf

Miri, B., David, B. C. & Uri, Z., (2007). “Purposely teaching for the promotion of higherorder thinking skills: A case of critical thinking”. Research in Science Education, 37(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-006-9029-2

Misbah, M. (2019). Relasi Patronase Kiai-Santri Dalam Pendidikan Karakter Di Pondok Pesantren Ma’Hadutholabah Babakan Tegal. Jurnal SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, Dan Tradisi), 5(2), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v5i2.817

Moon, J. (2007). Critical thinking: An exploration of theory and practice. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203944882

Muhakamurrohman, A. (2014). Pesantren: Santri, Kiai, Dan Tradisi. IBDA` : Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Budaya, 12(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.24090/ibda.v12i2.440

Muzamil, A. (2014). Aktualisasi Nalar Kritis di Pesantren; Sebuah Upaya Pengembangan Nilai Dan Ajaran Dalam Konteks Kekinian. Jurnal Media Pendidikan Agama Islam, 1(1), 51–56. Retrieved from https://journal.unsuri.ac.id/index.php/jmpai/article/view/185

Natsir, H. M. (2020). Sistem Pembelajaran di Pondok Pesantren Al_Azizizyah Analisis Terhadap Metode dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran Formal dan Nonformal. Jurnal Penelitian Keislaman, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.20414/jpk.v16i1.1104

Novianto, S., Gamayanto, I., & Alzami, F. (2022). Designing The Concepts - Framework & The Maturity Level of Smart Pondok Pesantren (Islamic Boarding Schools). Journal of Applied Intelligent System, 6(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.33633/jais.v6i2.4602

Nugraha, A. J., Suyitno, H., & Susilaningsih, E. (2017). Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Ditinjau dari Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Motivasi Belajar melalui Model PBL. Journal of Primary Education, 6(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpe.v6i1

Pohl, F. (2006). Islamic Education and Civil Society : Reflections on the Pesantren Tradition in Contemporary Indonesia. Comparative and International Education Society, 50(3), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1086/503882

Pramudya, A., Tanjung, A., Hasibuan, E., Salamah, I., Azzahrah, N., Khotima, N., & Harahap, T. S. (2022). Implementasi Profesionalisme Tenaga Pendidik dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Mutu Pembelajaran. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(20), 190–200. https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.7240477

Pratama, R. A., & Yani, Muhammad T. (2018). Pola Interaksi Kiai dan Santri Pondok Pesantren Nurul Azizah Balongjeruk, Kunjang, Kediri. Jurnal Kajian Moral Dan Kewarganegaraan, 06(03), 942–955. Retrieved from https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa.ac.id

Qomar, M. (2005). Epistemologi pendidikan Islam: dari metode rasional hingga metode kritik. Jakarta: Erlangga. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id

Qurtubi, M., & Hudi, S. (2022). Peran Kiai dalam Mengembangkan Kurikulum Lokal di Pesantren Nurul Islam 1 Jember. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kajian Aswaja, 6(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.56013/jpka.v6i1.690

Rahardhian, A. (2022). Kajian Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis (Critical Thinking Skill) Dari Sudut Pandang Filsafat. Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia, 5(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v5i3

Rizkiani, A. (2012). Effect of Character Formation Against Boarding School Students: Research in Ma’had Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah in Garut. Journal of Education University of Garut, 6(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.52434/jp.v6i1.45

Sagala, S. (2015). Manajemen dan Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Pondok Pesantren. Jurnal Tarbiyah, 22(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.30829/tar.v22i2.37

Samsudin, U. (2019). Paradigma Pendidikan Kritis di Pesantren. Tarbawi, 2(2), 98–111. Retrieved from https://stai-binamadani.e-journal.id/Tarbawi/article/view/131

Sarwenda. (2014). Pembelajaran Kritis di Pesantren. Tanggerang: Young Progressive Muslim.

Scott, I. (2018). Designing the South African Higher Education System for Student Success. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.24085/jsaa.v6i1.3062

Setiawan, E. (2012). Eksistensi Budaya Patron Klien dalam Pesantren: Studi Hubungan Antara Kyai dan Santri. Ulul Albab 13(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v0i0.2372

Setiawan, E. (2016). Pola Relasi Patron Klien di Pesantren Darul Fikri Malang. Universum: KeIslaman Dan Kebudayaan, 10(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v10i1.220

Setyaningsih, K. (2017). Esensi Tranformasi Sistem Sentralisasi-Desentralisasi Pendidikan dalam Pembangunan Masyarakat. El-Idare: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 76–94. Retrieved from http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/El-idare/article/view/1286

Sidiq, U., & Choiri, M. M. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif di Bidang Pendidikan. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53). Ponorogo: Nata Karya. Retrieved from http://repository.iainponorogo.ac.id/484/1

Siswanto, I., & Yulita, E. (2018). Eksistensi Pesantren dengan Budaya Patronase (Hubungan Kiai dan Santri). Mitra Ash-Shibyan: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling, 2(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.46963/mash.v2i1.27

Subekti, M. Y. A., & Fauzi, M. M. (2018). Peran Pondok Pesantren dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Sekitar. Al-I’tibar , 5(2), 99–100. https://doi.org/10.30599/jpia.v5i2.554

Ülger, K. (2016). The relationship between creative thinking and critical thinking skills of students. Hacettepe Journal, 31(4), 695–710. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2016018493

Utami, B., Saputro, S., Ashadi, A., Masykuri, M., & Widoretno, S. (2017). Critical thinking skills profile of high school students in learning chemistry. International Journal of Science and Applied Science: Conference Series, 1(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijsascs.v1i2.5134

Wahyu, M. J. (2020). Efektivitas Metode Sorogan Terhadap Pembelajaran Nahwu di Pondok Pesantren Raudhatul Mustofah Lilkhairat. Albariq: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, 1(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.24239/albariq.v1i1.2




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v8i2.19028

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Editorial Office:

Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training

Jalan A.H. Nasution No. 105, Cibiru

Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, 40614

Phone: 022- 7802276

e-mail: journalof.islamiceducation@uinsgd.ac.id



 Creative Commons License

Jurnal Pendidikan Islam by http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jpi is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats