Conspiracy Narratives and Religious Legitimation in Digital Politics: A Cross-Case Analysis of State-Linked Discoursesd the Success of Autocracy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v9i3.45193Keywords:
Authoritarianism, cognitive psychology, conspiracy belief, digital narratives, religion and politicsAbstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between conspiracy belief, religion, and the stability of authoritarian regimes by examining the structural similarities between religious modes of thinking and conspiracy belief in contemporary political contexts. The study departs from the growing use of conspiracy narratives by authoritarian state actors and the involvement of national religious actors and groups in supporting such narratives. The research adopts a qualitative approach and applies narrative analysis to ten conspiracy narratives disseminated by the governments of the United States, Russia, Israel, Turkey, and India through the internet and digital media. The findings show that conspiracy belief and religious belief share structural equivalence in their psychosocial functions, particularly in providing self-certainty, group affiliation, meaning orientation, and identity stabilization amid social complexity. However, conspiracy belief consistently operates as a defensive mechanism against threats to a narcissistic self-concept and perceived loss of control through the distortion of reality, whereas religious belief displays a broader and more context-dependent range of functions. The study also demonstrates that digital media and platform algorithms function as cognitive and emotional accelerators that intensify the reproduction of conspiracy narratives and the legitimation of authoritarian power. The implications of this research underscore the importance of critical approaches in the study of religion and politics, particularly for understanding how religion and conspiracy narratives operate as sources of power legitimation and regime stabilization in the digital public sphere. The originality of this study lies in its integration of political narrative analysis with perspectives from cognitive psychology and neuro- and biopsychological explanations within the study of religion and culture.
References
Adler, A. (1994). Menschenkenntnis. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch.
Akhtar, N. (2022). Neurophysiology of Dreams. In Sleep and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (pp. 65–80). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_4
Anton, A. (2011). Unwirkliche Wirklichkeiten: Zur Wissenssoziologie von Verschwörungstheorien. Logos Verlag.
Anton, A., Schetsche, M., & Walter, M. K. (2014). Einleitung: Wirklichkeitskonstruktion zwischen Orthodoxie und Heterodoxie – zur Wissenssoziologie von Verschwörungstheorien. In Konspiration (pp. 9–25). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-19324-3_1
Applebaum, A. (2024). Die Achse der Autokraten. Korruption, Kontrolle, Propaganda: Wie Diktatoren sich gegenseitig an der Macht erhalten. München: Siedler Verlag.
Audureau, W. (2025). Why conspiracy theorists and the Kremlin echo each other’s disinformation. Retrieved July 1, 2025, from Le Monde website: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2023/03/02/conspiracy-theorists-the-kremlin-echo-each-other-s-disinformation_6017960_8.html
Azevedo, T. M., Volchan, E., Imbiriba, L. A., Rodrigues, E. C., Oliveira, J. M., Oliveira, L. F., … Vargas, C. D. (2005). A freezing‐like posture to pictures of mutilation. Psychophysiology, 42(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00287.x
Baldauf, J., Ebner, J., & Guhl, J. (2018). Hassrede und Radikalisierung im Netz (Deutsch). London. Retrieved from https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/hassrede-und-radikalisierung-im-netz/
Banse, D., & Müller, U. (2020). In Deutschland verbreiten sich antisemitische Corona-Verschwörungstheorien. Retrieved from Welt website: https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article207814673/Corona-Krise-Israel-warnt-vor-judenfeindlichen-Verschwoerungstheorien.html
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462
Barkun, M. (2013). A Culture of Conspiracy. Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Barrett, J. L. (2000). Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01419-9
Bartlett, J., & Miller, C. (2010). The power of unreason: Conspiracy theories, extremism and counter-terrorism. London: Demos London.
Benjamin, N. (2022). Bibi: My Story. New Vork: Treshold Editions.
Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2007). Corporate Governance: What Can We Learn From Public Governance? In Academy of Management Review (pp. 92–104).
Berner, U. (1982). Untersuchungen zur Verwendung des Synkretismus-Begriffes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Blumenberg, H. (1979). Arbeit am Mythos. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Borger, J., Rankin, J., & Farrer, M. (2022). Russia Makes Claims of US-Backed Biological Weapon Plot at UN. Retrieved March 11, 2022, from Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/russia-un-claims-us-backed-biological-weapon-plot-kremlin-foreign-fighters-ukraine
Boski, P. (1983). Egotism and evaluation in self and other attributions for achievement related outcomes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420130307
Boyer, P. (2017). Und Mensch schuf Gott. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Butter, M. (2018). Nichts ist, wie es scheint. In Über Verschwörungstheorien. Berlin: Suhrkamp.
Caligor, E., Levy, K. N., & Yeomans, F. E. (2015). Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(5), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
Cevik, H. (2025). Turkishness and Social Boundaries: Navigating Identity and Exclusion in the Social Relations Between the Local Community and Syrian Refugees in Ankara, Turkey. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 25(3), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12453
Chambers, P. (2025). Fascist uses of conspiracy theories: alienation, anxiety, and false concreteness in the critical political theory of Franz Neumann. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 26(2), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2023.2252192
Chawryło, K. (2024). A holy war. The Russian Orthodox Church blesses the war against the West. Retrieved April 12, 2024, from Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW) Commentary website: https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2024-04-12/a-holy-war-russian-orthodox-church-blesses-war-against-west
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & de Zavala, A. G. (2016). Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Predict Conspiracy Beliefs? Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Endorsement of Conspiracy Theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(2), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615616170
Cillizza, C. (2020). Trump’s ‘Deep State’ conspiracy theory just took a big hit. Retrieved February 14, 2020, from CNN Politics website: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/14/politics/andrew-mccabe-donald-trump-department-of-justice/index.html
Cornell, S. E. (2015). The Islamization of Turkey: Erdoğan’s Education Reforms. Retrieved from Turkey Analyst website: https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/437-the-islamization-of-turkey-erdoğan’s-education-reforms.html
Donald J. Trump. (2023). Agenda47: Firing the Radical Marxist Prosecutors Destroying America. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from Donald J. Trump website: https://www.donaldjtrump.com/agenda47/agenda47-firing-the-radical-marxist-prosecutors-destroying-america
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417718261
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding Conspiracy Theories. Political Psychology, 40(S1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12568
Dow, B. J., Johnson, A. L., Wang, C. S., Whitson, J., & Menon, T. (2021). The COVID‐19 pandemic and the search for structure: Social media and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12636
Drewermann, E. (1992). Die Wahrheit der Werke und der Worte: Wunder, Vision, Weissagung, Apokalypse, Geschichte, Gleichnis. In Tiefenpsychologie und Exegese.
Dyrendal, A., Robertson, D. G., & Asprem, E. (2018). Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion (A. Dyrendal, D. G. Robertson, & E. Asprem, Eds.). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004382022
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1987). Grundriss der Vergleichenden Verhaltensforschung. München: Piper.
Fest, J. C. (1995). Hitler: eine Biographie. Frankfurt: Ullstein.
Fiske, S. T. (2000). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(3), 299–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3<299::AID-EJSP2>3.0.CO;2-F
Freud, S. (1927). The future of an illusion. Standard Edition.
Freud, S. (1950). Aus den Anfängen der Psychoanalyse: Briefe an Wilhelm Fliess, Abhandlungen und Notizen aus den Jahren 1887-1902. London: Imago.
Frijda, N. H., Manstead, A. S. R., & Bem, S. (Eds.). (2000). Emotions and Beliefs. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659904
Gesundheitszustand. (2024). Weltweite Zahl der Todesfälle in Zusammenhang mit dem Coronavirus (COVID-19) seit Februar 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from Statista website: https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1103240/umfrage/entwicklung-der-weltweiten-todesfaelle-aufgrund-des-coronavirus/
Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in Conspiracy Theories. Political Psychology, 15(4), 731. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791630
Goldenberg, T. (2023). In Hamas’ horrific killings, Israeli trauma over the Holocaust resurfaces. Retrieved October 16, 2023, from Apnews website: https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-holocaust-war-7a05336b15666e6306845cffa617b699
Goldhagen, D. J. (2009). Worse than war: Genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing assault on humanity. New York: PublicAffairs.
Groh, D. (1987). The Temptation of Conspiracy Theory, or: Why Do Bad Things Happen to Good People? Part I: Preliminary Draft of a Theory of Conspiracy Theories. In Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy (pp. 1–13). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4618-3_1
Groh, D. (1992). Die verschwörungstheoretische Versuchung oder Why do bad things happen to good people? Merkur, 41(463–464), 859–878.
Hagemeister, M. (2020). Die "Weisen von Zion“ als Agenten des Antichrists. Von Hinterzimmern Und Geheimen Machenschaften. Verschwörungstheorien in Geschichte Und Gegenwart, 3. https://doi.org/10.25787/idadrs.v0i3.257
Harambam, J. (2020). Contemporary Conspiracy Culture. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429327605
Heep, S. (2020). The Long Way of Political Theology to Religious ‘Germanism’ or How National Socialism Could be Perceived as Fulfillment of Christianity. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 21(3), 311–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2020.1786684
Heep, S. (2022). Verschwörungsglaube und religiöser Glaube – eine Art zu denken. Zeitschrift Für Religionswissenschaft, 30(2), 321–366. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfr-2022-0010
Hepfer, K. (2015). Verschwörungstheorien. Eine philosophische Kritik der Unvernunft. Bielefeld: Transcript.
Herold, M. (2024). The impact of conspiracy belief on democratic culture: Evidence from Europe. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-165
HispanTV. (2020). El nuevo coronavirus es resultado de un complot sionista. Retrieved March 19, 2020, from HispanTV website: https://www.hispantv.com/noticias/asia-occidental/451932/coronavirus-covid19-sionismo-israel
Hofstadter, R. (1990). The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Hurtz, S. (2020). Warum die Infodemie genauso gefährlich ist wie die Pandemie. Retrieved March 17, 2020, from Sueddeutsche Zeitung website: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/coronavirus-whatsapp-donald-trump-fake-news-1.4847686.
IDZ. (2021). Wissen schafft Demokratie 09/2021 - Demokratiegefährdungen in der Coronakrise. Retrieved from Institut für Demokratie und Zivilgesellschaft website: https://www.idz-jena.de/schriftenreihe/band-9-demokratiegefaehrdungen-in-der-coronakrise
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. K. (2017). Too special to be duped: Need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(6), 724–734. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2265
Israel Netz. (2020). Corona-Krise: Judenfeindliche Verschwörungstheorien boomen. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from Israel Netz website: https://www.israelnetz.com/judenfeindliche-verschwoerungstheorien-boomen/
Jaspers, K. (1965). Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Berlin: Springer.
Jilge, W. (2016). Russkiy Mir: “Russian World.” Retrieved May 3, 2016, from DGAP German Council on Foreign Relations website: https://dgap.org/en/events/russkiy-mir-russian-world
Kagermeier, E. (2020). Missbrauchter Glaube: Corona-Falschinformationen in Kirchen. Retrieved from BR24 Newsletter website: https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/missbrauchter-glaube-corona-falschinformationen-in-kirchen,S2uUa2E
Kalisch, M., & Stotz, P. (2020). Corona-Videos auf YouTube: Hinter der Verschwörung. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from Spiegel website: https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/corona-verschwoerungstheorien-und-die-akteure-dahinter-bill-gates-impfzwang-und-co-a-2e9a0e78-4375-4dbd-815f-54571750d32d
Kaplan, J. T., Gimbel, S. I., & Harris, S. (2016). Neural correlates of maintaining one’s political beliefs in the face of counterevidence. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 39589. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39589
Kernberg, O. F. (2016). Hass, Wut, Gewalt und Narzissmus (M. Ermann, Ed.). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer GmbH. https://doi.org/10.17433/978-3-17-029724-1
Kirill. (2024). Moscow patriarch Kirill publishes “textbook” on Z-patriotism. Retrieved October 23, 2024, from Spiritual Front Ukaraine website: https://df.news/en/2024/10/23/moscow-patriarch-kirill-publishes-textbook-on-z-patriotism/
Kizilhan, J. I., & Steger, F. (2021). The socialpsychology of Islamist terror – interdisciplinary perspectives on violence and ISIS totalitarian structures. Global Security: Health, Science and Policy, 6(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2021.1927796
Knight, P. (2003). Making Sense of Conspiracy Theories. In In Conspiracy Theories in American History. London: ABC Clio.
Kranz, M., Haltiwanger, J., & Zeballos-Roig, J. (2019). 24 outlandish conspiracy theories Donald Trump has floated over the years. Retrieved from Bussiness Insider website: https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-conspiracy-theories-2016-5
Lüküslü, D. (2016). Creating a pious generation: youth and education policies of the AKP in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 637–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1243332
Malinowski, B. (1948). Magic, Science, and Religion. Glencoe: Free Press.
Marsden, G. (1991). Understanding fundamentalism and evangelicalism. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Merkel, A., & Baumann, B. (2024). Freiheit: Erinnerungen 1954–2021. Kiepenheuer & Witsch.
Milich, K. J. (2006). Fundamentalism hot and cold. George W. Bush and the ,Return of the Sacred. Cultural Critique, 62(1), 92–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/cul.2006.0007
Mitchell, A., & Oliphant, J. B. (2020). Americans Immersed in COVID-19 News; Most Think Media Are Doing Fairly Well Covering It. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from Pew Research Center website: https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/03/18/americans-immersed-in-covid-19-news-most-think-media-are-doing-fairly-well-covering-it/
Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2000). The use of category and exemplar knowledge in the solution of anchoring tasks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1038–1052. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1038
Nocun, K., & Lamberty, P. (2020). Fake Facts: wie Verschwörungstheorien unser Denken bestimmen. Köln: Quadriga.
Oldenberg, H. (1915). Die Lehre der Upanishaden und die Anfänge des Buddhismus. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
Pöhlmann, M. (2021). Rechte Esoterik. In Rechte Esoterik (pp. 1–305). Verlag Herder GmbH. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783451826016-1
Popper, K. (2012). The Open Society and Its Enemies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203439913
Radnitz, S. (2023). Analyse: Verschwörungstheorien und Russlands Einmarsch in die Ukraine. Retrieved from Bundeszentrale fur Politische Bildung website: https://www.bpb.de/themen/europa/russland-analysen/nr-442/543284/analyse-verschwoerungstheorien-und-russlands-einmarsch-in-die-ukraine/
Rochat, P., Morgan, R., & Carpenter, M. (1997). Young infants’ sensitivity to movement information specifying social causality. Cognitive Development, 12(4), 537–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(97)90022-8
Salazar, A. (2022). Russian Strikes Targeting US-Run Bio-Labs in Ukraine. Retrieved February 25, 2022, from Infowars website: https://www.infowars.com/posts/russian-strikes-targeting-us-run-bio-labs-in-ukraine/
Sammons, J. L. (2011). Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion. Die Grundlage des modernen Antisemitismus. Göttingen: Wallstein.
Santhouse, A. M. (2000). Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the anatomy of the visual brain. Brain, 123(10), 2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.10.2055
Savarkar, V. D. (2011). Who is a Hindu? Dibyesh Anand, Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. In Hindutva. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schneider, K., & Scherer, K. R. (1988). Motivation und Emotion. In Immelmann. Stuttgart: Psychologie Verlags Union.
Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015). Nostalgia counteracts self‐discontinuity and restores self‐continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2073
Seligmann, R. (2024). Brandstifter und ihre Mitläufer–Putin–Trump–Netanyahu: Warum sie erfolgreich sind und wie man sie stoppen kann. Freiburg: Verlag Herder GmbH.
Shesgreen, D. (2019). Trump, Russia and Ukraine: Five presidential conspiracy theories debunked. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from USA Today website: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/12/09/president-donald-trump-russia-ukraine-conspiracy-theories-fbi-witch-hunt-campaign-spy-election/2612331001/
Soldatow, A., & Gazeta, N. (2024). Der Patriarch und das kosmische Böse. Retrieved from Grimme Online Awards website: https://www.dekoder.org/de/article/buecher-patriarch-kirill-orthodoxie
Solms, M., & Turnbull, O. (2004). Das Gehirn und die innere Welt. Neurowissenschaft und Psychoanalyse. Zürich: Patmos.
Spitzer, M. (2015). Verschwörungstheorien – ganz normal und doch ein Problem. Nervenheilkunde, 34(03), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627564
Steigmann-Gall, R. (2003). The Holy Reich. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818103
Strozier, C. B. (2011). 3 The Apocalyptic Other: On Paranoia and Violence. In The Paranoid Apocalypse (pp. 34–46). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814749456.003.0005
Strozier, C. B. (2020). 3. The Apocalyptic Other. In The Paranoid Apocalypse (pp. 34–46). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814748923.003.0003
Sutterlüty, F. (2002). Gewaltkarrieren: Jugendliche im Kreislauf von Gewalt und Missachtung. Campus-Verl.
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420010202
Uran, C., Peter, A., Lazar, A., Barnes, W., Klon-Lipok, J., Shapcott, K. A., … Vinck, M. (2022). Predictive coding of natural images by V1 firing rates and rhythmic synchronization. Neuron, 110(7), 1240-1257.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.002
Vollmer, G. (2023). Evolutionäre Erkenntnistheorie (E. P. Fischer & G. Vollmer, Eds.). S. Hirzel Verlag. https://doi.org/10.3813/9783777632865
Wagner, G. A., & Morris, E. K. (1987). “Superstitious” Behavior in Children. The Psychological Record, 37(4), 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394994
Ward, C., & Voas, D. (2011). The Emergence of Conspirituality. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 26(1), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2011.539846
Ware, G., & Flood, K. (2024). How conspiracy theories help to maintain Vladimir Putin’s grip on power in Russia. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from The Conversation website: https://theconversation.com/how-conspiracy-theories-help-to-maintain-vladimir-putins-grip-on-power-in-russia-225703
Wehner, P. (2025). Evangelicals Made a Bad Trade. Retrieved January 24, 2025, from The Atlantic website: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/01/evangelicals-trump/681450/
Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception. Science, 322(5898), 115–117. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159845
Wippermann, W. (2007). Agenten des Bösen. In Verschwörungstheorien von Luther bis heute. Berlin: Verlag.
Wolfe, M. B., & Williams, T. J. (2018). Poor metacognitive awareness of belief change. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(9), 1898–1910. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1363792
Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2012). Dead and Alive. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(6), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611434786
Zachariah, B. (2014). A Voluntary Gleichschaltung? Indian Perspectives Towards a non-Eurocentric Understanding of Fascism. The Journal of Transcultural Studies, 5(2), 63–100. https://doi.org/10.11588/ts.2014.2.15554
Zimmermann, M. (2024). Niemals Frieden? Israel am Scheideweg. München: Ullstein.
Zuckermann, M. (2010). “Antisemit!” Ein Vorwurf als Herrschaftsinstrument. Wien: Promedia.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Stefan Heep
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.