TEORI SEMANTIK BAHASA ARAB AL-AMIDIY DALAM KITAB AL-IHKĀM FI USHŪL AL-AHKĀM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/hijai.v8i2.44058Keywords:
Bahasa Arab, Teori Semantik, al-Amidi, Ushul Fiqh.Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan teori sarjana Arab klasik, salah satunya teori Semantik al Amidiyy dalam karya monumentalnya al-Ihkām fi Ushūl al-Ahkām. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Hasil analisis pada karya al Amidiy ditemukan teori asal-usul bahasa yaitu teori wadh’i – tauqifi (bahasa diciptakan oleh manusia/Allah). Menurut al Amidiy Perbedaan struktur bunyi akan menghasilkan makna (dilālah) bagi tuturan. Tanda bahasa menurutnya terbagi dua: bunyi dan isyarat tubuh. Menurut Al-Amidiy bahasa bersifat “arbitrer” (wadh’u ikhtiyāriy). Menurut al Amidiy makna suatu kata tidak otomatis menunjukan benda-benda tertentu, melainkan tergantung pada maksud penutur. Teori referensial, menurutnya terdiri dari tiga aspek: makna (madlul), kata (dāl/lafazh) dan interpretrant (mutakallim/wādhi’) yang menentukan dāl dan madlūl-nya. Hubungan antar makna menurutnya terbagi tiga: musytarak (polisemi), mutaradif (sinonim) dan mutabayin (kata biasa). Adapun jenis makna menurut al Amidiy adalah sebagai berikut: Muthlaq & Muqayyad, Mujmal & Bayan, Hakikat (pokok) & Majāz (Cabang), Dilalāh Manzhūm; Dilālah ghair manzhūm.
Kata Kunci: Bahasa Arab, Teori Semantik, al-Amidi, Ushul Fiqh.
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