Popular Psychology versus Scientific Evidence: Love Languages’ Factor Structure and Connection to Marital Satisfaction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v7i2.6634Keywords:
love, love languages, marital satisfactionAbstract
Love is an essential part of human experience and love languages have been studied to validate its factors’ structures to explain what makes people feel loved. The current study addresses the gap that love research shall not rely on student samples and it needs to measure the actual outcome of love languages. This study aims to gather empirical evidence for love languages’ factor structure and its relation to the outcome variable. The method for this study is a quantitative survey with 250 couples reported their love languages using a rating-scale and forced-choice scale. The data analysis examined the factor structure of the love languages model and estimated the association between love languages compatibility and marital satisfaction. The factorial analysis showed that the five factors solution was not supported and love languages compatibility did not affect couples’ marital satisfaction. This result brought discussions on how popular psychology concepts need to be under the scrutiny of scientific investigation and that different contexts may have different factors on what makes people feel loved.
References
Abe, S., & Oshio, A. (2018). Does marital duration moderate (dis)similarity effects of personality on marital satisfaction?. SAGE Open – Research Paper, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018784985
AykutoÄŸlu, B., & Uysal, A. (2017). The relationship between intimacy change and passion: A dyadic diary study. Frontiers in psychology, 8(2257). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02257
Badr, H., Herbert, K., Bonnen, M. D., Asper, J. A., & Wagner, T. (2018). Dyadic coping in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and their spouses. Frontiers in psychology, 9(1780). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01780
Bayle, A. T., Ayalew, D. W., & Yimer, A. M. (2017). Socio-demographic determinants of marital satisfaction in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 9(10), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJSA2016.0689
Beichen, L., & Murshed, F. (2015). Culture, expressions of romantic love, and gift-giving. Journal of International Business Research, 14(1), 68-84.
Berezow, A. B. (2012, July 13). Why psychology isn't science. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-jul-13-la-ol-blowback-pscyhology-science-20120713-story.html
Bland, A. M., & McQueen, K. S. (2018). The distribution of Chapman’s love languages in couples: An exploratory cluster analysis. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 7(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000102
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in public health, 6, 149-149. https://doi.org/.10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Bunt, S., & Hazelwood, Z. J. (2017). Walking the walk, talking the talk: Love languages, selfâ€regulation, and relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationship, 24, 280-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12182
Carter, C. S., & Porges, S. W. (2013). The biochemistry of love: An oxytocin hypothesis. EMBO reports, 14(1), 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.191
Chapman, G. (2010). The five love languages: The secret to love that lasts. Northfield Publishing.
Cheal, D. (1987). ‘Showing them you love them’: Gift giving and the dialectic of intimacy. The Sociological Review, 35(1), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1987.tb00007.x
Collaboration, O. S. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
Conradi, H. J., Noordhof, A., Dingemanse, P., Barelds, D. P. H., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2017). Actor and partner effects of attachment on relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction across the genders: An APIM approach. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(4), 700-716. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12222
Cook, M., Pasley, J., Pellarin, E., Medow, K., Baltz, M., & Buhman-Wiggs, A. (2013). Construct validation of the five love languages. Journal of Psychological Inquiry, 18(2), 50-61.
Curran, M. A., Burke, T. J., Young, V. J., & Totenhagen, C. J. (2016). Relational sacrifices about intimate behavior and relationship quality for expectant cohabitors. Marriage & Family Review, 52(5), 442-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2015.1113225
Daniels, D., Saracino, T., Fraley, M., Christian, J., & Pardo, S. J. J. o. A. D. (2018). Advancing ego development in adulthood through study of the Enneagram System of Personality. Journal of Adult Development, 25(4), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9289-x
Diamond, M. (2002). Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003002
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Dush, C. M. K., & Amato, P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 607-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056438
Egbert, N., & Polk, D. (2006). Speaking the language of relational maintenance: A validity test of Chapman’s (1992) five love languages. Communication Research Reports, 23(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17464090500535822
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Campbell, L., & Overall, N. C. (2015). Pair-bonding, romantic love, and evolution: The curious case of Homo sapiens. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614561683
Gana, K., Saada, Y., & Untas, A. (2013). Effects of love styles on marital satisfaction in heterosexual couples: A dyadic approach. Marriage & Family Review, 49(8), 754-772. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2013.834025
Garcia, J., Gesselman, A., Massey, S., Seibold-Simpson, S., & Merriwether, A. (2018). Intimacy through casual sex: Relational context of sexual activity and affectionate behaviours. Journal of Relationships Research, 9, E12. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2018.10
Gareis, E., & Wilkins, R. (2011). Love expression in the United States and Germany. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.06.006
Germeys, L., & De Gieter, S. (2017). Psychological detachment mediating the daily relationship between workload and marital satisfaction. Frontiers in psychology, 7(2036). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02036
Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero, V. M. (2013). How universal is the big five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 354-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030841
Haimes, Y. Y., & Schneiter, C. (1996). Covey's seven habits and the systems approach: A comparative analysis. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 26(4), 483-487. https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.508826
Hanel, P. H. P., & Vione, K. C. (2016). Do student samples provide an accurate estimate of the general public? PloS one, 11(12), e0168354-e0168354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168354
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.392
Hershkowitz, M., Dekel, R., Fridkin, S., & Freedman, S. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder, parenting, and marital adjustment among a civilian population. Frontiers in psychology, 8(1655). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01655
Hirvonen, R., Väänänen, J., Aunola, K., Ahonen, T., & Kiuru, N. (2018). Adolescents’ and mothers’ temperament types and their roles in early adolescents’ socioemotional functioning. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(5), 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025417729223
Jackson, G. L., Krull, J. L., Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (2017). Household income and trajectories of marital satisfaction in early marriage. Journal of marriage and the family, 79(3), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12394
Kline, S., Horton, B., & Zhang, S. (2008). Communicating love: Comparisons between American and East Asian university students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.01.006
Kraus, M. W. (2013, August 14). The psychology of the "Psychology Isn't a Science" argument. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/under-the-influence/201308/the-psychology-the-psychology-isnt-science-argument
Lee, M. (2015). A study on the effects of enneagram group counseling on nursing students. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, 7(5), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijbsbt.2015.7.5.22
Maroufizadeh, S., Hosseini, M., Foroushani, A. R., Omani-Samani, R., & Amini, P. (2018). The relationship between marital satisfaction and depression in infertile couples: An actor–partner interdependence model approach. BMC Psychiatry, 18.
Mazur, L. B., & Watzlawik, M. (2016). Debates about the scientific status of psychology: Looking at the bright side. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 50(4), 555-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-016-9352-8
Pedersen, C. A. (2004). How love evolved from sex and gave birth to intelligence and human nature. Journal of Bioeconomics, 6(1), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JBIO.0000017278.56163.6b
Polk, D., & Egbert, N. (2013). Speaking the language of love: On the whether Chapman’s (1992) claim’s stand up to empirical testing. The Open Communication Journal, 7(1), 1-11.
Pop psych. (n.d.). https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pop-psychology
Ruppel, E. K., & Curran, M. A. (2012). Relational sacrifices in romantic relationships: Satisfaction and the moderating role of attachment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(4), 508-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511431190
Seshadri, K. G. (2016). The neuroendocrinology of love. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(4), 558-563. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.183479
Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The big five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 208-232. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2243
Spohn, D. (2018). An operational definition of effective leadership: Was Covey right? Review of Public Administration and Management, 6(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.4172/2315-7844.1000251
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Construct validation of a triangular love scale. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(3), 313-335.
Stinson, M. A., Bermúdez, J. M., Gale, J., Lewis, D., Meyer, A. S., & Templeton, G. B. (2017). Marital satisfaction, conflict resolution styles, and religious attendance among Latino couples: Using the actor–partner interdependence model. The Family Journal, 25(3), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480717710645
Surijah, E. A., & Kirana, C. T. (2020). Five love languages scale factor analysis. Makara Human Behavior Studies In Asia, 24(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/ 10.7454/hubs.asia.2201118
Surijah, E. A., Ratih, S. K. A., & Anggara, I. M. F. (2017). Merasa dicintai saat dibantu: Penelitian survey deskriptif “five love languagesâ€. Psikodimensia, 16(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.24167/psiko.v16i1.946
Surijah, E. A., Sabhariyanti, N. K. P. D., & Supriyadi. (2019). Apakah ekspresi cinta memprediksi perasaan dicintai? Kajian bahasa cinta pasif dan aktif. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v6i1.4513
Surijah, E. A., & Septiarly, Y. L. (2016). Construct validation of five love languages. Anima Indonesian Psychological Journal, 31(2), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v31i2.565
Sutton, A., Allinson, C., & Williams, H. (2013). Personality type and work-related outcomes: An exploratory application of the Enneagram model. European Management Journal, 31(3), 234-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2012.12.004
Trairatvorakul, P. (2016). Patterns of attachment. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(6), 519. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000286
van Lankveld, J., Jacobs, N., Thewissen, V., Dewitte, M., & Verboon, P. (2018). The associations of intimacy and sexuality in daily life: Temporal dynamics and gender effects within romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517743076
VanLaningham, J., Johnson, D. R., & Amato, P. (2001). Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study*. Social Forces, 79(4), 1313-1341. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0055 %J Social Forces
Ward, P. J., Lundberg, N. R., Zabriskie, R. B., & Berrett, K. (2009). Measuring marital satisfaction: A comparison of the revised dyadic adjustment scale and the satisfaction with married life scale. Marriage & Family Review, 45(4), 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920902828219
Wilkins, R., & Gareis, E. (2006). Emotion expression and the locution “I love youâ€: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.003
Wood, M. A., Bukowski, W. M., & Santo, J. B. (2017). Friendship security, but not friendship intimacy, moderates the stability of anxiety during preadolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(6), 798-809. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1094742
Yela, C. (2006). The evaluation of love: Simplified version of the scales for yela's tetrangular model based on sternberg's model. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.21
Sarwono, S. W. (2009). Pengantar umum psikologi. PT. Bulan Bintang.
Soemanto, W. (2012). Psikologi Pendidikan. Rineka Cipta.
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode penelitian kuantitatif kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Watkins, M. W., Crosby, E. G., & Pearson, J. L. (2001). Role of the school psychologist (Perceptions of school staff). School Psychology International SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), 22(1), 64-73.
Waluyo, M. (2013). Psikologi industri. Akademia Permata.
Woods, M. C., & Burns, J. R. (2018). School camp refusal and reluctance: The role of the school psychologist. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 28(2), 235-247.
Winurini, S. (2017). Perilaku korupsi di Indonesia dalam perspektif teori motivasi. Majalah Info Singkat Kesejahteraan Sosial, IX(03).
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
The author whose published manuscript approved the following provisions:
1. The right of publication of all material published in the journal / published on the E-Journal of Psychology website is held by the editorial board with the knowledge of the author (moral right remains the author of the script).
2. The formal legal provisions for access to digital articles of this electronic journal are subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which means that the Journal of Psychology reserves the right to save, transmit media / format, manage in database form, , maintain, and publish articles without requesting permission from the Author as long as it continues to include the name of the Author as the owner of Copyright.
3. Printed and published print and electronic manuscripts are open access for any purposes. In addition to these objectives, the editorial board shall not be liable for violations of copyright law.
Â